25. Milton Friedman, Freedom Fighter by Ben Stein
(TIME, November 27, 2006)

25-1-108
It is simply not possible to adequately describe the importance of Milton Friedman. In the 1950s and 1960s, most men and women of stature simply assumed that state control of the individual and of the economy was inevitable and desirable. Friedman, then a professor of economics at the University of Chicago, said that it was neither inevitable nor desirable. In books, lectures, articles--wherever he could find a pulpit--Friedman said freedom, specifically individual liberty, was the optimal condition of mankind, both for human satisfaction and for prosperity.
He rewrote our economic memory. The Great Depression had been blamed largely on free markets, underlining the need for draconian government supervision of the economy. Yet Friedman argued that free markets had not caused the Great Depression. Rather, in A Monetary History of the United States, written with the great economist Anna Jacobson Schwartz, Friedman said it was horrifying incompetence by the U.S. government, specifically the Federal Reserve, that had caused and prolonged the Depression. He showed in minute detail how failures of monetary policy--occasionally motivated by anti-Semitism of some Fed governors--had created catastrophe from what could have been a short recession. This analysis was so powerful that it revitalized the monetarist school of economic thought: that the supply of money greatly affects not only prices but economic output. It redeemed the free market.

A. 어휘
adequately 충분히. stature 키, 신장, 발달, 재능. a man of stature 뛰어난 사람.
assume 가정하다, 간주하다.
state control of the individual and of the economy 개인과 경제를 국가가 통제하고 관리하는 것.
desirable 바람직하다. lecture 강의, 강연.
article 논설. pulpit 설교단, 강단. specifically 특별히. optimal 최선의, 最適(최적)의.
prosperity 번영. the Great Depression 1930년대의 미국경제대공황.
blame on ...탓으로 돌리다. underline ...을 명시하다, 강조하다. draconian 嚴酷(엄혹)한.
supervision 감독, 관리. argue 주장하다. rather 오히려. monetary 통화의, 화폐의.
horrify 소름끼치게 하다, 무섭게 하다. incompetence 무능.
the Federal Reserve 연방준비은행(중앙은행). prolong 연장시키다. minute 미세한.
in detail 상세하게. monetary policy 通貨政策(통화정책). occasionally 때때로.
motivate 동기를 부여하다. anti-Semitism 反猶太主義(반유태주의).
Fed governor 연방준비은행총재. catastrophe 큰 災害(재해). recession 경기후퇴.
analysis 분석. revitalize 소생시키다. monetarist 통화주의자. school 學派(학파).
economic thought 경제사상. affect 영향을 미치다. redeem 구원하다.

B. 구문
- had created catastrophe . . . a short recession.
cf. 가정법과거완료→과거사실의 반대의 경우를 가정:
if+S+had+pp. . . , S+과거조동사+have+pp. . .
ex. As I did not study hard, I could not pass the exam.
→ If I had studied hard, I could have passed the exam.
[단기간에 끝날 수 있었던 일시적 경기후퇴로부터 大災殃(대재앙)을 초래하였다.]

25-2-109
He was a friend and mentor and inspiration all my life. He and his wife, Rose, his constant colleague and support, were lifelong friends of my parents Herbert and Mlidred Stein after they met at the University of Chicago in the mid '30s. My father, a distinguished economist himself and chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers under Nixon and briefly under Ford, forever stood in awe of the man. As my pop said many times, 'Friedman was like every other economics student at Chicago in those days except twice as smart.'
When I was a Columbia undergrad in the early '60's, Friedman taught there for a year and was a good friend to me. He even used applied statistics to save me from romantic desperation when I was worried about a girl-friend. If there were one right woman for every right man, they would never find each other. Another time, he stopped me from crossing against light on Broadway and 116th street, telling me, 'Why risk your whole life to save 10 seconds?'
Friedman, as much as anyone, stood athwart history and cried 'Stop' as it seemed headed towards collectivism--only he did it with a masterly, genius-level grasp of mathematics, history and statistics. He proved, inasmuch as it can be proved, that free markets would not impoverish the poor but enrich them, would not ride roughshod over the downtrodden but would empower them. His work with the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile was widely reviled, but Chile is now the free-market powerhouse of the Andes and a democracy. These principles paid off for whole population in South America, in Russia and in Asia. He was the mentor to Ronald Reagan, to Bush 41, even to Nixon--who did not quite believe just how strong Friedman's arguments were and went ahead and imposed ineffectual price-wage controls in 1971.

A. 어휘
mentor 스승. inspiration 영감. mid '30s 1930년대 중반. distinguished 저명한.
Nixon 前미국대통령. briefly 짧은 기간동안, 간단히. Ford 前미국대통령.
awe 敬畏(경외). in awe of ...을 두려워하다. pop 아버지.
twice as smart 2배나 더 똑똑한. undergrad=undergraduate 대학생.
applied statistics 응용통계학. desperation 自暴自棄(자포자기).
cross against light 신호를 위반하고 길을 건너다. athwart 반대하여, 거슬러.
headed ...로 향해서 가는. cf. headed 주격보어형용사로 쓰인 과거분사.
collectivism 집단주의. masterly 대가의 솜씨를 보이는, 능숙한.
grasp 이해, 掌握(장악). inasmuch as ...까닭에, ...때문에, ...하는 한에는.
impoverish 가난하게 하다. ride roughshod over ...을 짓밟다.
roughshod 미끄러지지 않도록 징을 박은, 편자를 댄.
the downtrodden 학대받는 사람, 짓밟힌 자. Pinochet 칠레의 군사독재자.
dictatorship 독재(정권). revile 욕하다. powerhouse 발전소. 중심국가.
the Andes 안데스산맥 주변의 나라들. a democracy 민주국가.
pay off 소기의 성과가 나타나다, 잘 되어가다. Bush 41= 미국 41대 대통령 부시.
argument 論(논), 論據(논거), 주장. impose 강요하다, 부과하다.
ineffectual 효과적이 아닌, 무익한, 무능한. price-wage control 물가-임금통제.

B. 구문
- except twice as smart.
[두 배나 더 똑똑하다는 것을 제외하고는]

25-3-110
Friedman's masterpieces of essays, such as Capitalism and Freedom, advised Americans not to look to the state for either rights or responsibilities but to look to themselves for their strength, and then made his case with numbers. He took on Marxism and with potent logic proved that it did not work. He was perhaps the most impressive combination of mathematician, economist and caped crusader there has ever been.
The world has lost an irreplaceable champion of liberty. And an irascible one. He even warned that the postal service was a threat to freedom. I never bought that one. Nor did I agree with his sangfroid about immense budget deficits, which he thought would restrain federal spending, which in turn would promote liberty. He worked tirelessly for school choice for the poor through vouchers--possibly the most controversial work he ever did.
When I learned he had died, I was despondent, but I also realized you cannot kill Friedman's exaltation of human liberty--not with a gun, not with a tank, not with terrorism--not even with heart disease. His ideas and faith in the human spirit are as implanted in civilization as those of any benevolent economist and social revolutionary since his idol Adam Smith, whom he so worthily followed.
________________________________
Ben Stein is a writer and actor, and an economist

A. 어휘
masterpiece 걸작, 大作(대작). capitalism 자본주의. case 실태, 상황.
made his case with numbers 數値(수치)로서 그의 입장을 설명하였다.
take on (경기 따위에서)상대로 해서 싸우다. potent 강력한. logic 논리.
caped 망토를 걸친. crusader 십자군 병사, 개혁가.
irreplaceable 둘도 없는, 대치할 수 없는. irascible 성 마른, 화를 잘 내는.
postal service 우편제도. sangfroid 冷情(냉정)함, 침착함. immense 광대한, 거대한.
budget 예산. deficit 赤字(적자). restrain 억제하다. federal spending 연방지출.
voucher 수령증, 보증인. controversial 논쟁의 여지가 있는. despondent 낙담하다.
exaltation 高揚(고양). implant ...을 심다. 불어넣다. benevolent 인정 많은, 자선적인.
revolutionary 혁명가. idol 우상. worthily 훌륭하게.

B. 구문
- Nor did I . . . budget deficits.
[나는 또한 막대한 예산적자에 대한 그의 무심함에도 동의하지 않았다.]
- school choice for the poor through vouchers.
[가난한 사람들이 바우처를 이용하여 학교를 선택하는 것.]
cf. voucher 국가에서 가난한 사람들에게 주는 지원금 영수증
- Friedman's exaltation of human liberty
→Friedman exalted human liberty.
cf. 명사화구문→문장을 명사구로 변형
ex. He promoted liberty.→ His promotion of liberty.