40-3-164
Some economists think the results cast doubt on the long-held verities of their discipline. The dismal science traditionally assumes that people know their own interests, and are best left to mind their own business. How much they work, and what they buy, is their own affair. A properly brought-up economists seeks to explain their decisions, not to quarrel with them. But the new happiness gurus are much less willing to defer to people's choices
Take work, for instance. In 1930 John Maynard Keynes imagined that richer societies would become more leisured ones, liberated from toil to enjoy the finer things in life. Yet most people still put in a decent shift. They work hard to afford things they think will make them happy, only to discover the fruits of their labour sour quickly. They also aspire to a higher place in society's pecking order, but in so doing force others in that rat race to run faster to keep up. So everyone loses.
Yet it is not self-evident that less work would mean more happiness. In America, when the working week has shortened, the gap has been filled by assiduous TV-watching. As for well-being, other studies show that elderly people who stop working tend to die sooner than their peers who labour on. Indeed, another side of happiness economics busies itself studying the non-monetary rewards from work: most people enjoy parts of their work, and some people love it.

A. 어휘
cast-cast-cast 던지다. cast doubt on 의심하다. long-held 오랫동안 주장되어 온.
verity 진실성. discipline 학문의 분야[본문에서는 경제학을 의미]. dismal 陰散(음산)한.
the dismal science 본문에서는 경제학을 의미함. assume 가정하다.
a properly brought-up economist 적절하게 양성된 경제학자.
guru [정신적]지도자, [힌두교]종교 교사. defer to [남의 의견에] 따르다.
toil 勞役(노역). put in a decent shift 훌륭한 변화를 요구한다.
afford 산출하다, 여유가 있다. sour 시어지다, 싫은, 시어 빠진. aspire 열망하다.
pecking order 사회의 서열, 계층, 쪼는 차례.
rat race 극심한(무의미한) 경쟁, 쫓고 쫓기는 경쟁. cf. rat racer 냉혹한 경쟁자.
keep up 계속하다, 유지하다. self-evident 자명한. assiduous 근면한.
as for ...에 관해서는. peer 또래, 同年輩(동년배), 귀족. labour on 계속해서 일하다.
another side of happiness economics 행복경제학의 또 하나의 측면. reward 보상.

B. 구문
- people know their own . . . their own business.
[사람들은 자신의 이익이 무엇인지를 알고 있다. 그래서 사람들이 그들 자신의 일에 신경을 쓰도록 그들을 그대로 가만히 놔두는 것이 최선의 방책이다.]
- their decisions→people's decisions
- They work hard to afford . . . sour quickly.
cf. only to discover the fruits of their labour sour quickly.
→but they only discover that the fruits of their labour sour quickly.
[그들을 행복하게 만들어 줄 것이라고 생각되는 사물들을 획득하기 위하여 열심히 일을 하지만 그들의 노력의 과실이 재빨리 시어버린다(맛이 나가버린다)는 것을 발견할 뿐이다.]
- in so doing force . . . everyone loses.
[그렇게 할 때에 사람들은 그런 냉혹한 경쟁에서 타인들로 하여금 그들의 현 위치를 유지하기 위해 더 빨리 뛰도록 강요하게 된다. 그래서 모든 사람들이 패배한다]

40-4-165
As for capitalism's wasteful materialism, even Adam Smith had a problem with it. 'How many people ruin themselves by laying out money on trinkets of frivolous utility?' he complained. It is hard to claim that pyramid-shaped tea-bags (developed at great expense over four-years) have added much to the sum of happiness. Yet if capitalism sometimes persuades to buy stuff they only imagine they want, it also appeals to tastes and aptitudes they never knew they had. In the art this is called 'originality' and is venerated. In commerce it is called 'novelty' and too often dismissed. But without the urge for material improvement, people would still be wearing woollen underwear and holidaying in Bognor rather than Bhutan. Would that be so great?

The joys of niche capitalism
If growth of this kind does not make people happy, stagnation will hardly do the trick. Ossified societies guard positional goods more, not less, jealously. A flourishing society, on the other hand, creates what biologists call 'a tangled bank' of niches, with no clear hierarchy between them. Tyler Cowen, of George Mason University, points out that America has more than 3,000 halls of fame, honouring everyone from rock stars and sportsman to dog mushers, pickle-packers and accountants. In such a society, everyone can hope to come top of his particular monkey troop, even as the people he looks down on count themselves top of a subtly different troop.

A. 어휘
ruin 파멸시키다. lay out [돈을]쓰다. trinket 하찮은 것, 자질구레한 장신구.
frivolous 시시한, 실없는, 경박한. utility 유용성, 효용. complain 불평하다.
expense 비용. add to 보태다. sum 총계, 금액. persuade 설득하다.
stuff 물건. taste 취향. aptitude 경향, 습성, 소질. originality 독창성.
venerate 깊이 존경하다. commerce 상업. novelty 새로운 경험, 색다른 물건, 진기함.
dismiss 棄却(기각)하다, 포기하다, 해고하다. urge 충동, 욕망. improvement 개선.
woollen 羊毛(양모)의. underwear 내복. niche [사람, 물건에]적합한 지위(장소).
niche capitalism 適所資本主義[(적소자본주의):사람마다 자신에게 적합한 일을 찾아서 나름대로 최고의 보람과 긍지를 가지고 살아가게 하는 자본주의]
growth of this kind 이런 종류의 경제성장. stagnation 停滯(정체), 불경기.
trick 할당된 일, 계략, 비법. ossify 硬化(경화)하다.
ossified societies 경직된 사회. jealously 빈틈없이. flourish 번영하다.
biologist 생물학자. tangled 뒤얽힌. bank 줄, 열.
tangled bank 뒤얽힌 줄(서열이 없는 상태). hierarchy 계급제도, 序列(서열).
hall of fame 榮譽(영예)의 전당[위인.공로자의 기념관]. dog musher 개썰매 여행가.
pickle-packer 피클(절인 오이)업자. accountant 회계사. come top 정상에 오르다.
monkey troop 원숭이 집단, 소집단. look down on 내려다 보다, 깔보다.
subtly 미묘하게.