49c-3-222
Thus for the first time the famine brought North Koreans to the outside world. At the peak, perhaps 80,000 North Koreans were hiding in north-east China looking for food, work or a clandestine route to South Korea. These crossings bred a habit: whereas leaving North Korea was unthinkable before, since the mid-1990s more than 500,000 North Koreans have crossed into China, legally or illegally. Most have eventually returned (indeed, many make multiple trips), with startling evidence of a very different world outside.
Surveys among these North Koreans in China's border provinces offer the best insights to date about ordinary life in North Korea. Ground-breaking work by three scholars, Yoonok Chang, Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland, published this year by the Peterson Institute for International Economics (IIE), offers a psychological as much as a material portrait of North Korea. It is clear that the famine and the government's brutal mismanagement of it (both in denying food to those who most needed it and in criminalising people's response to hunger) cast a long shadow.
In their survey of 1,300 North Koreans, the authors draw a harrowing picture. Some 23% of men and 37% of women say family members died of hunger. More than a quarter report being arrested, and of those who were held in political detention (about a tenth of the survey sample), 90% witnessed forced starvation, 60% saw deaths due to beating or torture and 27% said they had witnessed executions.

A. 어휘
peak 최고점, 산봉우리. clandestine route 비밀 통로. breed-bred-bred 낳다.
whereas ...인 반면에(접속사). multiple 다수의. startling 놀라운. survey 조사.
insight 통찰, 識見(식견). offer the best insights 가장 잘 들여다보게 하다.
to date 현재까지. ground-breaking work 개척자적인 작업(작품).
psychological 심리학적인. portrait 초상화, 묘사. brutal 야만적인, 잔인한, 비인도적인.
management 처리, 관리. criminalize 유죄로 하다.
harrowing 가슴이 찢어지는, 비참한. detention 억류, 감금. a tenth 1/10.
forced starvation 강요된 餓死(아사). due to ...때문에. beating 구타.
torture 拷問(고문).

B. 구문
- More than a quarter report being arrested.
[(조사자의) 1/4 이상이 체포된 적이 있다고 말하였다.]

49c-4-223
The findings underscore earlier clinical reports of psychological distress akin to post-traumatic stress disorder: doctors working with North Korean refugees put rates of distress at 30-45%. Clearly, some of the stress is associated simply with getting to China. But beyond that, the IIE authors find that certain groups of refugees are particularly disturbed. These include those imprisoned by the regime, and those who lost family members to hunger or illness.
Strikingly, the psychological effect is as great or greater among the group of interviewees who were aware of international aid programmes for the starving but who did not believe that they themselves had been beneficiaries. At its peak, the humanitarian programme was supposedly feeding more than a third of the population, yet a large minority of those interviewed had never heard of the programme. Of the majority who had, 96% believed they had not benefited from itthey assumed that the armed forces had appropriated the aid. This group, the authors find, was 'profoundly embittered'. Modelling conservatively, they estimate that 35% of the North Korean population were in a famine area, knew of the aid but thought they were not receiving any of it. That makes it hard to argue that Mr Kim, even as his public appearances are greeted with mass displays of emotion, still commands the people's loyalty. It seems that the regime itself does not think so: it has long classified more than half the population as hostile or at best wavering in their loyalties. Possibly this assessment is no longer paranoid.

A. 어휘
underscore ...을 강조하다. clinical report 臨床報告(임상보고).
distress 고통. akin 동족의. akin to ...와 유사한. post=after. disorder 疾患(질환).
post-traumatic stress disorder 外傷(외상) 후유증으로 인한 스트레스 질환.
refugee 難民(난민). associate 관련시키다, 聯想(연상)하다.
disturb 불안해하다, 어지럽히다. strikingly 놀랍게도.
interviewee 인터뷰를 당하는 사람. beneficiary 受惠者(수혜자). supposedly 아마도.
the armed forces 軍部(군부). appropriate 着服(착복)하다, 盜用(도용)하다.
profoundly 깊이, 완전히. embitter 쓰라리게 하다, 분격시키다.
model 만들다, 설계하다, 모형을 만들다. conservatively 온건하게, 조심스럽게.
loyalty 충성. classify 분류하다. hostile 적대적인. wavering 유동적인, 흔들리는.
assessment 평가, 査定(사정). paranoid 偏執病(편집병)의.

B. 구문
- That makes it hard . . . commands the people's loyalty.
[그것은 김정일이 그가 대중 앞에 나타날 때 열광적인 환호를 받지만 여전히 민중의 충성을 누리고 있다고 주장하는 것을 어렵게 한다.]