49c-5-224
Holding up more than half the sky
Border surveys also cast light on life in North Korea since the famine, with a proliferation of informal markets and an increase in unofficial movements subverting people's relationship with the state. The factories of the command economy have ground to a halt: fuel and other inputs are too expensive to run them, and workers often go unpaid. Frequently, it is not just a factory's output that its managers have sold on the black market but all its plant and equipment too, leaving a shell.
Yet most men in the state system still sign on each day, even if they sit about. In the countryside the men have the backbreaking work of farming without mechanisation: again, fuel is dear, and many powered irrigation systems have broken down. In the main, it is women who have been responsible for the explosion of markets and other entrepreneurial activity.
The degree of marketisation of this socialist paradise, although noted by foreign observers, seems to have been underestimated. One young defector recently disparaged Seoul's famous street market of Dongdaemun, sniffing that it was not a patch on markets up north. (As for the feral orphans, or kotjebiliterally, 'flower swallows'who were a post-war feature of Dongdaemun, they now flitter around North Korea's black markets, scavenging or stealing what they can.)

A. 어휘
border survey 國境(국경)의 북한주민을 상대로 실시한 조사.
cast light on life 생활의 실상에 대해 밝혀 주다. proliferation 增殖(증식).
informal market 비공식 시장. subvert 顚覆(전복)하다, 뒤엎다.
command economy 명령경제, 국가가 관리하는 경제. halt 정지하다.
have ground to halt 삐걱거리며 정지하다. plant 공장의 생산시설. equipment 장비.
leaving a shell 껍질만 남기고. sign on 출근하다, 서명하고 고용하다.
backbreaking 등뼈가 부서지는, 대단히 힘든. dear 비싸다. irrigation 灌漑(관개).
powered irrigation system 전기로 가동되는 관개시설.
entrepreneurial activity 기업활동. defector 변절자, 탈북자.
disparage 얕보다, 헐뜯다, 명예를 손상하다. sniff 코웃음치다, 코를 훌쩍거리다.
not a patch on ...과는 비교가 안 되는, 어림도 없는.
markets up north 위쪽 북에 있는 시장. feral [동식물이] 야생상태로 돌아간, 야생의.
literally 문자 그대로. swallow 제비. post-war feature 戰後(전후)의 모습.
flitter 훨훨 날아다니다. scavenge 쓰레기를 뒤지다, 청소하다.

B. 구문
- unofficial movements . . . with the state.
[인민들의 국가에 대한 관계를 전복시키는 비공식적 운동]
-The degree of marketisation . . . have been underestimated.
[이 사회주의 천국의 市場化(시장화) 정도는 비록 외국 관찰자들에 의해 주목을 받고 있지만 실제보다 낮게 평가되었던 것 같다.]

49c-6-225
In the IIE survey four-fifths of interviewees agreed that anything in North Korea can be bought for money, something they say has been true since at least the mid-1990s. This corrects another widely held misconception. Marketisation was not a consequence of a set of economic liberalisations trumpeted by the regime in 2002, leading some to wonder whether North Korea would at last go down the Chinese path of reform. Rather, these policies were the state's belated acknowledgment of an unstoppable force set off by the famine, described by Messrs Haggard and Noland (in a separate work, 'Famine in North Korea') as 'coping mechanisms': foraging, barter and petty trade.
In North Korea, then, everything, as the Korean expression goes, is for sale except cats' horns: household belongings, vegetables from private plots, grain that is supposed to be distributed by the state, consumer electronics, designer brands, Mercedes cars and any kind of official paperwork you care to name (a passport is $60what is known as a 'VIP defection' to South Korea, with every detail taken care of, costs $1,500 and can be arranged within a month). North Korea's elite has always been relatively well off, and some of its members have dived into business. And people are making money on the Chinese border, where both official trade and smuggling have boomed.
As well as humans for work or sex (another area of competitive advantage for women entrepreneurs), the Chinese pay for medicinal herbs foraged in North Korea's hills, furs and drugs (methamphetamines). In addition, Chinese businesses are investing in the northern part of the country, buying underworked mines and factories on the cheap. They are hated for it, but their money is now starting to splash around the North Korean economy.

A. 어휘
four-fifths 4/5. correct 矯正(교정). misconception 틀린 생각, 오해, 착각.
consequence 결과. liberalisation 자유화. trumpet 떠들어 퍼뜨리다, 나팔불다.
lead someone to + V ...를 ...하도록 이끌다.
Chinese path of reform 중국의 개혁방법(길). rather 오히려. belated=too late 뒤늦은.
acknowledgement 承認(승인), 是認(시인). set off 출발하다. Messrs→Mr.의 복수형.
separate work 각각의 著書(저서). cope 대처하다, 대항하다.
coping mechanism 對應手法(대응수법). forage 식량을 구하다.
barter 物物交換(물물교환). petty 하찮은, 사소한. trade 거래. petty trade 소액거래.
cats' horns 고양이 뿔. belongings 소유물, 재산. private plot 개인소유 작은 땅.
grain 곡물. distribute 분배하다. official paperwork 공적기관의 서류작성.
defection 변절. arrange 처리하다. relatively 상대적으로. well off 살기가 좋다.
smuggling 밀수. as well as ...뿐만 아니라. medicinal herb 약초.
forage 약탈하여 손에 넣다. underwork [기계, 말] 충분히 부리지 않다.
underworked mines 稼動(가동)이 잘 되지 않고 있는 광산. splash 튀겨 끼얹다.

B. 구문
- another widely held misconception=another misconception which is widely held.
[널리 주장되고 있는 또 하나의 오해]
- what is know as . . . costs $15,00.
cf. with every detail taken care of → 독립분사구문 부대상황
[한국으로 가는 “VIP 탈북”으로 알려진 것은 모든 세부업무를 포함해서 15,00달러의 비용이 든다]
- As well as for work or sex . . . furs and drugs.
[중국인들은 노동이나 섹스(여성사업가들에게 또 하나의 경쟁력이 있는 분야)뿐 아니라 북한의 산에서 채취한 약초나 모피와 마약에 대한 값도 지불한다.