55-3-248
The precedent was set by the destruction of the Yukos oil company in 2003-04. Mr Khodorkovsky, its then owner, was arrested at gunpoint in Siberia and after a sham trial sent to jail where he has spent the past five years. Yukos was broken into bits and, after an opaque auction, passed to Rosneft, a state oil company chaired by Igor Sechin, the ideologue of the siloviki.

Tricks of the trade
Mr Khodorkovsky was accused, among other things, of selling Yukos's oil through offshore trading companies to minimise taxation. So now Rosneft sells the bulk of its oil through a Dutch-registered trading firm, Gunvor, whose ownership structure looks like a Chinese puzzle. The rise in Gunvor's fortunes coincided with the fall of Yukos. A little-known company before 2003, Gunvor has grown into the world's third-largest oil trader, which ships a third of Russia's seaborne oil exports and has estimated revenues of $70 billion a year.
One of Gunvor's founders is Gennady Timchenko, who sponsored a judo club of which Mr Putin was honorary president and worked in an oil company that was given a large export quota as part of a controversial oil-for-food scheme set up by Mr Putin during his time in St Petersburg. Mr Timchenko says he was not involved in the deal and his success is not built on favours.
The Yukos case changed the logic of corruption. As INDEM's Mr Satarov explains, before 2003 officials simply took a cut of businesses' profits. After Yukos they started to take the businesses themselves. These days businessmen pay bribes as much to be left alone as to get something done. They call it a 'bribe of survival'.

A. 어휘
precedent 先例(선례). arrest 체포하다. at gunpoint 총을 들이대어.
sham 가짜, 模造(모조). trial 재판. into bits 산산조각으로. opaque 불분명한, 불투명한.
auction 경매. chair 의장의 직책을 맡다. ideologue 추진자, 관념론자.
the siloviki(강자, 지배계급, hard men). trick 計略(계략), 속임수.
trade 거래, 상업, 무역, 매매, 장사. be accused of 起訴(기소)당하다.
offshore 在外(재외). trading 장사의, 무역의. minimise 최소화하다.
taxation 課稅(과세). bulk 태반, 대부분, 부피, 용적, 散積(산적) 화물.
register 등록하다. Dutch-registered trading firm 네덜란드에 등록된 무역회사.
ownership structure 소유구조. fortune 재산액. coincide with ...와 일치하다.
ship 수송하다. seaborne 海路(해로) 수송의, 해운의. revenue 수익, 稅入(세입).
estimated revenue 평가수익. founder 창업자, 설립자.
honorory president 명예회장. export 수출. quota 할당, 持分(지분).
controversial 논쟁의, 논쟁의 여지가 있는. favour 특혜. logic 논리.
cut 조각.

B. 구문
- a controversial oil-for-food . . . during his time in St.Petersburg
[Putin의 St.Petersburgtl 時期(시기)에 확립된 논쟁의 여지가 있는 식량 對(대) 석유계획]
- These days businessmen pay . . . to get something done.
최근에는 기업하는 사람들은 업무를 처리하기 위해서 뿐 아니라 간섭받지 않고 살아남기 위해서 뇌물을 바친다.]

55-4-249
This new form of corruption is changing the structure of the Russian economy. 'Yeltsin-era corruption ended in a privatisation auction, even if it was a fake one. The new corruption ends in the nationalisation of business,' says Yulia Latynina, a writer. Nationalisation is not quite the right word, however, because sometimes state property is quietly transferred into private bank accounts. And even where a business is formally controlled by the state, the profits or proceeds from share sales may never reach its coffers.
When Mr Medvedev was chairman of Gazprom, a state-controlled gas giant, one of his first jobs was to oversee the return of assets which had been siphoned off under the previous management. But as Boris Nemtsov and Vladimir Milov, two opposition politicians, explain in a recent book, 'Putin and Gazprom', in the past few years Gazprom's control over its multi-billion-dollar insurance company and part of its pension funds has passed to a private bank called Rossiya, controlled by Yury Kovalchuk, who is thought to be a friend of Mr Putin's. The bank advertises itself as 'Rossiya: the country of opportunities'.

A necessary evil?
Both Mr Medvedev and Mr Putin condemn corruption in public. In a recent speech Mr Putin grumbled: 'Anywhere you go, you have to go with a bribe: fire inspection, ecologists, gynaecologistseverywhere. What a horror!' Mr Medvedev's first presidential promise was to fight corruption for the Russian public, and recently he thundered: 'We have to do something. Enough of waiting! Corruption has become a systemic problem and we have to give it a systemic answer.' Soon afterwards he appointed himself head of a new anti-corruption committee.

A. 어휘
Yeltsin-era 엘친대통령 시대. privatisation 民營化(민영화), 사유화.
auction 경매. fake 모조품, 가짜. nationalisation 國有化(국유화).
state peoperty 국가재산. transfer 移轉(이전)하다. account 計座(계좌).
formally 공식적으로. proceeds 수입, 매상고, 수익. share 주식. coffers 金庫(금고).
Medvedev 現 러시아 대통령. oversee 감독하다. assets 資産(자산).
siphon off 빼 내다. management 경영진, 경영자 측.
opposition politician 야당정치인. insurance 보험. pension 연금.
condemn 비난하다. in public 대중의 면전에서. grumble 투덜거리다, 불평하다.
fire inspection 소방검사. gynaecologists 부인과 의사. hororr 공포, 戰慄(전율).
the Russian public 러시아의 일반민중. thunder 큰 소리를 내다, 천둥치다.