57. Darwinism

Why we are, as we are
Dec 18th 2008 From The Economist print edition

As the 150th anniversary of the publication of 'On The Origin of Species' approaches, the moment has come to ask how Darwin's insights can be used profitably by policymakers

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WEALTH, according to H.L. Mencken, an American satirist of the last century, 'is any income that is at least $100 more a year than the income of one's wife's sister's husband.' Adjusted for inflation since 1949, that is not a bad definition. But why do those who are already well-off feel the need to out-earn other people? And why, contrariwise, is it so hard to abolish poverty?
America, Mencken's homeland, executes around 40 people a year for murder. Yet it still has a high murder rate. Why do people murder each other when they are almost always caught and may, in America at least, be killed themselves as a result?
Why, after 80 years of votes for women, and 40 years of the feminist revolution, do men still earn larger incomes? And why do so many people hate others merely for having different coloured skin?
Traditionally, the answers to such questions, and many others about modern life, have been sought in philosophy, sociology, even religion. But the answers that have come back are generally unsatisfying. They describe, rather than explain. They do not get to the nitty-gritty of what it truly is to be human. Policy based on them does not work. This is because they ignore the forces that made people what they are: the forces of evolution.

A. 어휘
anniversary 기념일. publication 출판, 刊行(간행). origin 기원. species 種(종).
insight 통찰. profitably 유익하게. satirist 풍자가, 諷刺作家(풍자작가). income 수입.
adjust 調整(조정)하다, 附合(부합)시키다. definition 定義(정의). well-off 부유한.
out-earn 보다 더 많은 수입을 올리다. contrariwise 반대로, 이에 反(반)해서.
abolish 폐지하다. execute 處刑(처형)하다. around 대략.
feminist revolution 남녀평등주의혁명. traditionally 전통적으로.
seek-sought-sought. sociology 사회학. nitty-gritty 엄한 현실, 기본적 사실.
get to the nitty-gritty 핵심을 찌르다, 사실을 直視(직시)하다. ignore 무시하다.

A. 구문
- Why we are, as we are.
[우리 인간의 생존형태가 현재처럼 되어있는 이유]
- They describe, rather than explain.
[그 해답들은 현상에 대한 記述(기술)에 그치고 현상의 원인에 대한 설명은 하지 못하고 있다]
- what it truly is to be human.
cf. it는 to be human을 가리키는 형식주어.
[인간이라는 것이 진실로 무엇인가를]
- This is because . . . the forces of evolution.
cf. what they are: 현재의 있는 그대로의 인간.
[이것(정책이 제대로 실행되지 않는 것)은 그 해답이 오늘 날 현재의 인간을 만들어낸 힘 즉 진화의 힘을 무시하기 때문이다.]

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The reasons for that ignorance are complex. Philosophers have preached that there exists between man and beast an unbridgeable distinction. Sociologists have been seduced by Marxist ideas about the perfectibility of mankind. Theologians have feared that the very thought of evolution threatens divine explanations of the world. Even fully paid-up members of the Enlightenment, people who would not for a moment deny humanity's simian ancestry, are often sceptical. They seem to believe, as Anne Campbell, a psychologist at Durham University, in England, elegantly puts it, that evolution stops at the neck: that human anatomy evolved, but human behaviour is culturally determined.
The corollary to this is the idea that with appropriate education, indoctrination, social conditioning or what have you, people can be made to behave in almost any way imaginable. The evidence, however, is that they cannot. The room for shaping their behaviour is actually quite limited. Unless that is realised, and the underlying biology of the behaviour to be shaped is properly understood, attempts to manipulate it are likely to fail. Unfortunately, even as the 150th anniversary of Darwin's masterwork, 'On The Origin of Species', approaches (it was published in 1859) that fact has not been properly accepted. Time, then, to see what a Darwinian analysis has to offer the hard-pressed policymaker, and whether it can make a practical difference to outcomes.

A. 어휘
preach 설교하다. beast 짐승. unbridgeable 연결할 수 없는. distinction 차이, 구별.
seduce (남을) 부추기다, 敎唆(교사)하다, 유혹하다. perfectibility 완벽성.
theologian 神學者(신학자). divine 神의, 神性(신성)의.
paid-up 완전히 받아들인, 이미 拂入(불입)한. the Enlightenment 계몽사조.
humanity 인류. simian 원숭이 같은, 類人猿(유인원)의. ancestry (집합적) 祖上(조상).
sceptical 懷疑的(회의적)인. elegantly 고상하게. anatomy 인체, 解剖學(해부학).
corollary (수학) 系(계), 推論(추론), 결과. appropriate 적합한.
indoctrination 敎化(교화), 주입, 鼓吹(고취). social conditioning 사회적 훈련(교육).
the room for shaping their behaviour 인간의 행동을 후천적으로 형성하기 위한 공간.
underlying 基底(기저)가 되는, 근본적인. biology 생물학, 생태학.
manipulate 조종하다, 操作(조작)하다. masterwork 名著(명저).
properly 정식으로, 정확하게, 알맞게. analysis 분석.
hard-pressed (일에) 쫓기고 있는, 시달리고 있는. practical 실제적인.

B. 구문
- evolution stops at the neck
[인간의 진화는 발가락 끝에서 목까지만 이루어지고 생각을 하는 머리는 진화와는 관계가 없다]
-Unless that is realised . . . are likely to fail.
[그것(인간의 행동의 형태를 후천적으로 형성할 수 있는 여지는 제한적이라는 것)을 깨닫지 못하고 인간의 행동양태를 형성하는 생물학적 기저를 정확하게 이해하지 않으면 인간의 행동을 조작하려는 시도는 실패하기 마련이다]
- Time, then, to see . . . difference to outcomes.
cf. 주어와 동사가 생략된 문장. Time 앞에 It is 생략.
[그래서 일에 쫓기고 있는 政策立案(정책입안)자에게 다윈의 진화론적 분석이 무엇을 제공할 수 있는 지와 이러한 분석이 실제적으로 차이가 나는 결과를 가져올 수 있는지 없는지를 알아 볼 때가 되었다]