57-5-258
Conversely, the Darwinian explanation of continued support for socialismin the teeth of evidence that it results in low economic growthis that even though making the rich poorer would not make the poor richer in financial terms, it would change the hierarchy in ways that people at the bottom would like. When researchers ask people whether they would rather be relatively richer than their peers even if that means they are absolutely worse off, the answer is yes. (Would you rather earn $100,000 when all your friends earn $50,000, or $150,000 when everybody else earns $300,000?) The reason socialism does not work in practice is that this is not a question that most people ask themselves. What they ask is how to earn $300,000 when all around them people are earning $50,000.
A Darwinian analysis does, however, support one argument frequently made by the left and pooh-poohed by the right. This is that poverty is relative. The starkest demonstration of this, discovered by Richard Wilkinson of Nottingham University, in England, is that once economic growth has lifted a country out of penury, its inhabitants are likely to live longer, healthier lives if there are not huge differences between their incomes. This means that poorer countries with low income-variation can outscore richer ones with high variation. It is also true, as was first demonstrated by Michael Marmot, of University College, London, that those at the bottom of social hierarchies have worse health than those at the topeven when all other variables are statistically eliminated, including the fact that those who are healthier are more likely to rise to the top in the first place.

A. 어휘
conversely 반대로, 거꾸로. in the teeth of = in spite of ...에도 불구하고.
peer 지위가 동등한 사람, 동료. the left 左派(좌파).
pooh 쳇, 흥(경멸의 뜻을 나타냄). the right 右派(우파). stark 완전한, 경직된, 강한.
demonstration 證據(증거), 論證(논증). penury 極貧(극빈). inhabitant 주민.
variation 변동. income-variation 所得隔差(소득격차). outscore 점수가 더 높다.
variable 變數(변수). statistically 통계적으로. eliminate 제거하다.

57-6-259
In the 1970s, when Dr Marmot made this observation, expert opinion predicted the opposite. Executives were expected to suffer worse stress than groundlings, and this was expected to show up as heart attacks, strokes and so forth. In fact, the opposite is true. It is the Darwinian failure of being at the bottom of the heap that is truly stressful and bad for the health. That, writ large, probably explains the mortality patterns of entire countries.
In this case, therefore, the Darwinian conclusion is that there is no right answer-or at least no Utopian one. Of course, it does not take a Darwinist to work out that any competition has losers. The illuminating point is that losing has a real cost, not just the absence of gain. With the stakes this highearly death for the failures and genetic continuity for the successesit is hardly surprising that those at the bottom of the heap sometimes seek status, or at least 'respect', in other ways. This is a point that should be taken seriously by policymakers. For those 'other ways' are also explicable by Darwinism.
That crime is selfish is hardly news. But the idea that criminal behaviour is an evolved response to circumstances sounds shocking. It calls into question the moral explanation that crime is done by 'bad people'. Yet that explanation is itself susceptible to Darwinian analysis: evolution probably explains why certain behaviours are deemed worthy of punishment.

A. 어휘
observation (관찰에 입각한) 소견, 관찰. make an observation 소견을 말하다.
expert 전문가. executive 집행관, 경영간부. groundling 보통사람, 교양 없는 관객.
heart attack 심장마비. stroke 腦溢血(뇌일혈). so forth 기타 등등.
heap 무더기, 무리, 군중. write-writ-writ.
mortality 죽음, 죽을 운명. mortality pattern 사망유형. work out 계산하다, 풀다.
illuminating 조명하는, 계발적인, 계몽적인. stakes 판돈, 현상금, 내기에 건 돈.
ways 습관, 풍습, 양식. “other ways' 삶의 다른 분야. explicable 설명할 수 있는.
evolved response 진화적인 대응. call into question 의문을 제기하다.
susceptible 영향 받기 쉬운, 민감한. worthy of ...할만한 가치가 있는.

B. 구문
- It is the Darwinian failure of being . . . bad for the health.
[정마로 스트레스를 일으키고 건강에 해로운 것은 집단(사회계층)의 바닥에 있게 만드는 다윈적인(적자생존의 법칙의 적용을 받는)실패이다.]
- writ large→ if it is written large
[크게 말하면]
- it does not take a Darwinist . . . competition has losers.
[어떠한 경쟁에도 패자가 있기 마련이라는 것을 알기 위해서 진화론자의 도움을 받을 필요는 없다.]
- With the stakes this high . . . continuity for the successes
cf. with the stakes this high→as the stakes are this high
[(생존이라는 도박에 걸린)판돈이 이렇게 많기 때문에패배자에게는 죽음이 오고 성공한 자에게는 유전인자의 계속적인 증식이 가능해지고]
- those at the bottom of the heap
[무리(집단)의 하층에 있는 사람들]