57-17-270
The two researchers argue that modern racial discrimination is an overstimulated response to what might be called an 'alliance' detector in the human brain. In a world where the largest social unit is the tribe, clan or what-you-will of a few hundred people, your neighbours and your other allies will normally look a lot like you, and act similarly. However, it is known from the study of modern hunter-gatherers, and inferred from archaeological evidence about ancient ones, that neighbouring tribes are often hostile.
Though an individual might reasonably be expected to know many members of his tribe personally, he would probably not know them all. There would thus be a biological advantage in tribal branding, as it were. Potential allies would quickly identify what marked them out from others, and what marked others out from themand, because those differences would probably be small, the detector would need to be very sensitive.
In the past, such markers would often have been cultural, since local physical differences would have been minimal. A telling instance is recorded in the Bible:
Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him and slew him.
The questioners were the Gileadites. The slain, an Ephraimite. But no physical difference could distinguish the tribes, so the Gileadite ethnic-cleansers had to rely on linguistic tics.

A. 어휘
overstimulate 지나치게 자극하다, 지나치게 鼓舞(고무)하다. alliance 同盟(동맹).
detector 탐지기. tribe 부족. clan 씨족. what-you-will 무엇이라고 하든. ally 동맹자.
infer 推論(추론)하다. archaeological 고고학적인. hostile 적대적인.
branding 烙印(낙인)찍기. tribal branding 동일 부족임을 표시하기.
as it were 말하자면. potential 잠재적인. identify 인정하다, 확인하다.
mark out 가르다, 구분하다. marker 標識(표지), 구별지어 주는 것. physical 신체적.
telling 明示的(명시적)인, 현저한. instance 例(예), 실례.
Shibboleth (성서) 십볼렛(에브라임사람과 구별하기 위해 길르앗 사람이 사용한 말), (어떤 계급, 단체 등의 특유한) 발음, 관습. 시험해 보는 말.
frame 말하다. slay-slew-slain 죽이다. ethnic-cleanser 인종을 抹殺(말살)하는 자.
linguistic tics 언어적 특징. tics=characteristics.

57-18-271
In a world where a syllable can get you killed, having differently coloured skin is a pretty strong brand of identity. However, it is not a unique signal. Experiments that Dr Cosmides, Dr Tooby and their students have conducted in both America and Brazil (another racially mixed country) suggest it is surprisingly easy to rebrand even people of different skin colour by making other badges of allegiance more significantas happens when sportsmen clothe themselves in coloured team shirts. Moreover, Andrew Penner of the University of California, Irvine, and Aliya Saperstein of the University of Oregon have shown that perception of a person's race can actually change in the real world. Many people shift from being 'white' to 'black', in both their own eyes and the eyes of others, in response to unemployment, impoverishment or imprisonment.
That is an uncomfortable reminder of the way group solidarity works in America. The hope this analysis brings, though, is that there is nothing particularly special about biologically based brands such as skin colour. If other brands of group membership can be strengthened, the traditional ones may diminish, even if they do not disappear completely. If this theory of race is correct (and more research is certainly needed), it indicates a strong presx-cription: policies that encourage groups to retain their identity within a society will cause trouble, but those that encourage cultural integration will smooth things over.

A. 어휘
syllable 音節(음절). identity 身元(신원), 정체. unique 유일한. signal 徵標(징표).
allegiance 충성, 충의. perception 知覺(지각), 인식.
impoverishment 가난하게 됨, 빈곤. imprisonment 투옥, 구금.
reminder 생각나게 하는 것, 기념품, 助言(조언). solidarity 連帶(연대).
diminish 감소하다. presx-cription 처방, 처방전. retain 간직하다. integration 통합.

B. 구문
- to rebrand even people of . . .allegiance more significant
[충성을 표시하는 다른 징표를 중요하게 만들어서 피부색이 다른 사람들을 하나의 단위로 재분류하는 것]