62-3-297
To confirm this result, the researchers also looked at characteristics such as each participant`s birthweight, his mother`s age when she gave birth, the mother`s level of education and her marital status, all of which differ, on average, between the poor and the middle classes. None of these characteristics had any effect. Nor did a mother`s own stress levels.
That stress, and stress alone, is responsible for damaging the working memories of poor children thus looks like a strong hypothesis. It is also backed up by work done on both people and laboratory animals, which shows that stress changes the activity of neurotransmitters, the chemicals that carry signals from one nerve cell to another in the brain. Stress also suppresses the generation of new nerve cells in the brain, and causes the 'remodelling' of existing ones. Most significantly of all, it shrinks the volume of the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. These are the parts of the brain most closely associated with working memory.

A. 어휘
confirm 확인하다. characteristics 특징. marital 결혼의, 부부간의. status 지위.
marital status 배우자의 유무. thus 이와 같이, 그래서. hypothesis 假說(가설).
work 연구. neurotransmitters 신경전달물질. suppress 억압하다.
generation 생성. significantly 뜻이 있는, 중요한, 주목할만한.
shrink-shrank-shrunk/shrunken 오그라들다. volume 容積(용적).
prefrontal 前頭部(전두부)앞의. cortex 皮質(피질).
hippocampus 뇌의 海馬狀隆起(해마상융기).

B. 구문
- It is also backed up . . . the activity of neurotransmitters
cf. work done →work which was(has been) done
[그 가설은 인체와 실험실동물들에게 행한 연구에 의해서 뒷받침되며 그 연구는 스트레스는 신경전달물질의 활동을 변화시킨다는 것을 보여준다.]

62-4-298
Children with stressed lives, then, find it harder to learn. Put pejoratively, they are stupider. It is not surprising that they do less well at school, end up poor as adults and often visit the same circumstances on their own children.
Dr Evans’s and Dr Schamberg’s study does not examine the nature of the stress that the children of the poor are exposed to, but it is now well established that poor adults live stressful lives, and not just for the obvious reason that poverty brings uncertainty about the future. The main reason poor people are stressed is that they are at the bottom of the social heap as well as the financial one.
Sir Michael Marmot, of University College London, and his intellectual successors have shown repeatedly that people at the bottom of social hierarchies experience much more stress in their daily lives than those at the topand suffer the consequences in their health. Even quite young children are socially sensitive beings and aware of such things.
So, it may not be necessary to look any further than their place in the pecking order to explain what Dr Evans and Dr Schamberg have discovered in their research into the children of the poor. The Bible says, 'the poor you will always have with you.' Dr Evans and Dr Schamberg may have provided an important part of the explanation why.

A. 어휘
pejoratively 경멸적으로. do less well at school 학업성적이 떨어진다.
end up 끝내다, 종료하다. visit on 벌(고통)을 주다, ...에 보답하다.
examine 점검하다. nature 특성. be exposed to ...에 노출되다. obvious 명백한.
heap 무더기, 무리, 群集(군집). social heap 사회계층.
as well as ...뿐 아니라. financial 금융상의, 재정의. successor 계승자, 후계자.
repeatedly 반복해서. hierarchies 계급, 계층. consequence 결과. sensitive 예민한.
beings 존재. pecking order 쪼는 차례, 사회의 서열, 계층.

B. 구문
- Put pejoratively, they are stupider.
cf. put pejoratively→ If they are put pejoratively
[경멸하는 어구로 표현하자면 그들을 다른 아이들 보다 더 둔하다.]
- it is now well established . . . uncertainty about the future.
[가난한 성인들은 스트레스를 많이 받는 삶을 살아간다는 것은 확인된 사실이다. 그런데 이것은 가난이 미래에 대한 불확실성을 초래한다는 이유 때문은 아니다.]
- people at the bottom . . . than those at the top.
[사회계층의 밑바닥에 있는 사람들은 상층부에 있는 사람들 보다 일상생활에서
훨씬 더 많은 스트레스를 받는다.]
- So, it may not be necessary . . . into the children of the poor.
[ Dr Evans 와 Dr Schamberg가 빈곤층의 아이들의 조사에서 발견한 것을 설명하기 위해서는 사회의 서열에서 사람들이 위치한 자리이상으로 더 깊이 파고 들 필요는 없다. (사회적 서열의 높고 낮음이 경제적 빈곤보다 스트레스에 더 많은 영향을 주기 때문에 사회적 서열만 조사하면 된다.]
- “the poor you will always have with you.”
cf. 목적어 도치구문. the poor→ have 의 목적어.
[너희들의 이웃에는 가난한 사람들이 항상 있을 것이다.]