70. How to Help Them Succeed
TIME Sunday, Nov. 06, 2005

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Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inextricably tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it's no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that, just maybe, ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.
It's not quite that simple. 'Kids can be given the opportunities [to become passionate about a subject or activity], but they can't be forced,' says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan, who led a landmark, 25-year study examining what motivated first- and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.

A. 어휘
healthy 상당한(considerable), 건강한. amount 양. headstrong 고집불통의.
toddler 아장아장 걷는 아기(1-3세의 유아). stumble 넘어지다, 비틀거리다.
initial 처음의. keep on 계속하다. amazing 놀라운. psychologist 심리학자.
drive 충동, 動因(동인). natural drive 타고난 욕망. end up 끝나다. ranks 隊列(대열).
underachiever 지능지수 이하의 성적을 따는 학생. inextricably 빠져 나올 수 없게.
bewildering 당황하게 하는, 어찌할 바를 모르게 하는. opportunity 기회.
subject 학과목. activity 활동. landmark 眼標(안표), 획기적인 사건.
motivate 동기 유발하다. first- and seventh-graders 1학년에서 7학년까지의 학생.
unearth 발굴하다. instill 注入(주입)하다. confidence 자신감.
risk taking 위험의 感受(감수). accepting 받아들이는 것. expand 확장하다.
area 분야. reignite 再(재) 點火(점화)시키다. innate 선천적인, 本有(본유)의.

B. 구문
- a baby eagerly learning . . . toddler starting to talk.
[걷기를 배우고 있는 아기 혹은 말을 하기 시작하는 고집불통의 幼兒(유아)]
- determined→who is determined→being determined→determined
- So it's no wonder some parents . . . any other subject at school.
[학교에서 야망도 배울 수 있을 것이라고 희망하는 부모들이 있다는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.]

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Figuring out why the fire went out is the first step. Assuming that a kid doesn't suffer from an emotional or learning disability, or isn't involved in some family crisis at home, many educators attribute a sudden lack of motivation to a fear of failure or peer pressure that conveys the message that doing well academically somehow isn't cool. 'Kids get so caught up in the moment-to-moment issue of will they look smart or dumb, and it blocks them from thinking about the long term,' says Carol Dweck, a psychology professor at Stanford. '[You have to teach them that] they are in charge of their intellectual growth.' Over the past couple of years, Dweck has helped run an experimental workshop with New York City public school seventh-graders to do just that. Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. 'The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleable,' says Lisa Blackwell, a research scientist at Columbia University who has worked with Dweck to develop and run the program, which has helped increase the students' interest in school and turned around their declining math grades. More than any teacher or workshop, Blackwell says, 'parents can play a critical role in conveying this message to their children by praising their effort, strategy and progress rather than emphasizing their 'smartness' or praising high performance alone. Most of all, parents should let their kids know that mistakes are a part of learning.'

A. 어휘
figure out 생각해 내다, 계산하다. go out 불이 꺼지다. assume 가정하다.
suffer from 고통받다. disability 무능, 無力(무력). crisis 위기.
attribute A to B. A를 B의 탓으로 돌리다. peer 또래, 동갑내기. pressure 압력.
convey 전달하다. academically 學究的(학구적)으로. issue 유출, 결과.
issue of will 아이들 자신의 의지에서 나오는 말이나 행동. smart 똑똑한.
dumb 둔한. in charge of 담당하다. dub ...라고 부르다, 별칭을 붙이다.
brainology 頭腦學(두뇌학). unorthodox 정통이 아닌. approach 연구방법, 접근.
neuroscience 뇌신경과학. malleable 順應性(순응성)이 있는, 두들겨 펼 수 있는.
turn around 방향을 바꾸다, 회전시키다. declining 떨어지는, 쇠퇴하는.
critical 결정적인. praise 칭찬하다. strategy 전략. emphasize 강조하다.
performance 성취, 修行(수행).

B. 구문
- Assuming that a kid . . . academically somehow isn't cool.
[아이는 정서적, 학습적 무능에 대해 상처를 받지 않고 혹은 가족의 위기에 관련되지 않는다(아이는 가정의 위기를 모른다)는 것을 가정하면서 많은 교육자들은 아이들의 학습동기의 갑작스런 감퇴를 실패에 대한 두려움이나 공부 잘하는 것이 멋진 것은 아니라는 메시지를 전달하는 또래집단의 압력 탓으로 돌린다.]
- Kids get so caught up . . . thinking about the long term.
cf. so caught up . . . they look→so caught up . . . that they look
[아이들은 순간 순간의 말이나 행동에 너무나 몰두해 있어서 그들은 똑똑해 보이거나 둔해 보이기도 한다. 그리고 이러한 현상이 아이들로 하여금 장기적인 일에 대해서 생각하는 것을 막는다.]