72-3-353
But why did Britain have such high wages and cheap energy in the first place? Pick up most stones in Mr Allen's analysis and trade lurks somewhere underneath. The Black Death raised the price of labour and boosted trade, for English sheep grew longer fleeces as they grazed fields newly left fallow, and local cloth improved. As Britain traded more, extending its reach to the Americas and Asia, London, then other cities, expanded. Agriculture became more productive. Between 1500 and 1800 England shifted people out of farming faster than any other big European country. The coal that Britain was lucky enough to have was mined in growing quantities to fuel city dwellings. By 1800 Britain was producing 'the vast preponderance'of the world's coal, and it was cheap.
Thanks to trade, wages stayed high although the population grew. Education improved (though the Dutch still had a higher literacy rate in 1800). So did diet, permitting people to work longer and harder. And trade gave them a reason to, bringing in exotic products that well-paid workers could aspire to. This 'ndustrious revolution' made possible the industrial revolutionbut what was the actual spark?

A. 어휘
lurk 숨어 있다, 잠복하여 기다리다. The Black Death 흑사병. fleece 양털.
graze (가축이) 목초를 먹다.
fallow (밭/토지가) 놀고 있는, 休耕(휴경)중에 있는, 休耕地(휴경지).
local cloth 지역(영국)에서 생산 된 직물. extend 늘리다, 확장하다, 뻗치다.
expand 팽창하다. agriculture 농업. shift 이동하다, 옮기다. mine 採掘(채굴)하다.
in growing quantities 점점 더 많은 양으로. fuel 연로를 공급하다.
dwelling 住居(주거). city dwellings 도시 가정. vast 막대한, 거대한, 광대한.
preponderance (수량/무게) 남보다 뛰어남, 우세, 우월함.
literacy rate 文字解得率(문자해득율). diet 식품, 평소의 음식. permit 허락하다.
bring in 들여오다. exotic products 異國的(이국적)인 제품. aspire 열망하다.
industrious 근면한.
industrious revolution 부지런히 일하는 혁명(소득을 올리기 위해 열심히 일하는 것).
actual 실제의. spark 불꽃, 불똥, 활기.

B. 구문
- Pick up most stones in Mr Allen’s . . . somewhere underneath.
[Allen의 분석에서 대부분의 돌멩이를 들어내어라 . 그러면 땅 밑 어딘가에 무역이 숨어 있는 것을 발견하게 될 것이다(영국 산업혁명의 중추적 추진동력은 무역이었다)].
- fields newly left fallow→fields which were newly left fallow
[새로이 휴경지가 된 경작지]
- trade gave them a reason to→trade gave them a reason to longer and harder.

72-4-354
France and Germany were hardly inspiration-free zones, but only in Britain was there enough profit to be had from radically realigning the factors of production to make macro-inventions worth investing in. Less theoretically, the pre-existence of two industries also helped. Steam engines were originally designed to pump water out of the pits and railways to move coal around them. The watchmakers of southern Lancashire proved an unequalled source of high-quality, low-cost gears.
This is a beautifully written book, the language as clear as a brook and with the same tumbling energy. One occasionally yearns for more. Finance gets rather short shrift: Britain had a thriving capital market and presumably this added to its edge in industrialising. Policies limiting rivals' access to British colonies, and industrial exports from those colonies, might also be worth more attention.
But today, when governments from America to Japan are reinventing industrial policy with each off-the-cuff bail-out, this study offers some useful reminders. One is that innovation is most likely to occur where there is market demand for it. Another is that patents can delay innovation as well as stimulate it. A third is that the benefits of trade cannot be overestimated. Not that that needs repeating.

A. 어휘
inspiration 자극, 영감. inspiration-free 자극이 없는. zone 지역, 地帶(지대).
radically 근본적으로, 급진적으로. realign 재편성하다.
macro- large, long, great, excessive라는 뜻의 연결형.
macro-inventions 거대 발명품. invest 투자하다. theoretically 이론상으로.
Less theoretically 덜 이론적이지만. pre-existence 先在(선재), 앞서 존재함.
pit 坑(갱), 구덩이. watchmaker 시계 제작자. unequalled 비할 바 없는, 無敵(무적)의.
brook 시내, 개울. tumble 구르다, 떨어지다. tumbling 활기찬. occasionally 가끔.
yearns 憧憬(동경)하다, 그리워하다. finance 財政(재정). shrift 謝罪(사죄).
thrive 번영하다. presumably 아마. edge 우세. access 접근. colony 식민지.
off-the-cuff 즉석의, 준비 없이 바로 하는. bail-out 긴급구조.
reminder 助言(조언), 생각나게 하는 것. innovation 혁신. patent 특허.
delay 지연시키다. stimulate 자극하다. benefit 이익, 혜택.
cannot be overestimated 아무리 과대평가 하여도 지나치지 않다.

B. 구문
- only in Britain was there enough . . . macro-inventions worth investing in.
[거대발명품에 대해서 투자할만한 가치가 있도록 만들기 위해서 생산요인을 근본적으로 재편성함으로써 얻어지는 충분한 이익이 영국에서만 존재하였다].
- Finance gets rather short shrift:
[금융에 대한 사죄가 부족하다.(산업혁명에 공이 큰 금융에 관한 언급이 未洽(미흡)한 데 도 이에 대한 설명이 부족하다]