77-3-368
Thanks to these programmes 97% of children aged 7-14 now have access to schooling and attendance is good. Yet the federal government can do only so much in a country with around 50m in education. The task of improving schooling falls to state and municipal governments. They face many problems, but two stand out.
First, Brazil suffers from teacher truancy. Teachers enjoy a 'right' to five days' absence a year with no warning or explanation, but some take many more. In schools run by state governments, 13% of all school days were lost owing to absent teachers in 2006. On a bad day in bad schools in bad states, teachers' absenteeism can reach 30%. There are meant to be substitutes who can fill in for missing colleagues but this means that teaching lacks continuityand there may not be enough stand-ins to go around.
Second, too many pupils repeat whole school years over and over. And after a long time spent getting nowhere, lots of children drop_out early. Just 42% complete high school. Improving the quality of schools so that more children pass would lead to a marked increase in the amount of money available for each pupil. To accomplish this Brazil needs qualified teachers, who are in short supply. Many have two or three different jobs in different schools and complain that conditions are intimidating and the pay is low.

A. 어휘
schooling 학교교육. attendance 출석률. the federal government 연방정부.
only so much 어느 정도만. can do only so much 어느 정도만 할 수 있다.
around 50m 약 5천만. state 州(주). municipal 市(시)의, 지방자치의.
truancy 無斷缺勤(무단결근). warning 통지, 경고.
schools run by state governments 州 정부가 운영하는 학교. cf. run→which are run.
owing to ...때문에. absenteeism 缺勤比率(결근비율).
be meant to+V ...하기로 되어 있다. substitute 대체교사, 대리인.
missing colleague 결근한 동료. continuity 계속성. stand-in 대체교사, 대역.
go around (수.양이) 모두에게 돌아가다. repeat 반복하다.
school year 學年度(학년도). get nowhere 아무짝에도 소용이 없는.
time spent getting nowhere 아무 것도 이루지 못하고 보낸 시간[虛送歲月(허송세월)]
drop_out 中退(중퇴)하다. marked 두드러진, 顯著(현저)한.
available 이용할 수 있는. qualified 자격이 있는. complain 불평하다.
intimidate 위협하다.

B. 구문
- Brazil suffers from teacher . . . but some take many more.
[브라질은 교사들의 결근 때문에 피해를 보고 있다. 브라질의 교사들은 사전통지나 설명이 없이 1년에 5일간의 결근할 수 있는 권리를 즐기고 있지만 어떤 교사들은 5일 이상을 결근한다.]
- Improving the quality of schools . . . money available for each pupil.
cf. so that +S+(조동사)+V ...하기 위하여
[더 많은 학생들이 진급할 수 있도록 교육의 질을 개선한다면 각각의 학생에게 사용될 수 있는 돈(예산)의 양도 뚜렷이 증가할 것이다.(학년재수생들의 수를 줄여서 이들의 교육에 들어가는 돈을 절약하면 재학생전체를 위한 교육예산이 증가할 수 있게될 것이다.)]

77-4-369
In Sao Paulo, which does particularly badly for a rich state, the institutions that administer education are depressed and chaotic, says Norman Gall of the Braudel Institute of World Economics, a think-tank that runs reading circles in ten schools in poor urban districts. The Sao Paulo state bureaucracy tries to administer its 5,000 schools and 230,000 teachers with a thin staff on low pay. Transferring responsibility for schools to municipalities seems to help, and this has been happening across the country in recent decades.
As elsewhere, teachers' unions present a huge obstacle to improvement. Almost anything that disturbs their peace brings on strikes. At the moment Sao Paulo's teachers are striking over a proposal to make new recruits take tests before they start work to ensure they are qualifiedlast year they were up in arms when the state government asked them to teach from standard textbooks. They opposed a plan to pay staff bonuses depending on their schools' performance but have gone quiet on this since 70% of the state's teachers received a bonus a few months ago.

A. 어휘
particularly 특별히. for a rich state 부유한 州인데도 불구하고(치고는).
institution 공공단체(기관), 협회. administer education 교육을 하다.
depressed 意氣銷沈(의기소침)한. chaotic 무질서한, 대혼란의. institute 연구소.
urban district 도시학구(지역). think-tank 두뇌집단. bureaucracy 관료, 관료집단.
administer 관리하다, 통치하다. thin 빈약한. staff (집합적) 직원.
transfer 轉嫁(전가)하다, 이전하다.municipality 자치단체. union 조합.
present 제공하다, 드러내다. obstacle 장애(물). improvement 개선.
disturb 깨뜨리다, 혼란시키다. recruit 신참자, 신병, 보충병. qualified 자격이 있는.
be up in arms 武裝蜂起(무장봉기)하다. performance 수행성적.

B. 구문
- a proposal to make new recruits . . . ensure they are qualified.
[신규교사들이 근무하기 전에 교육에 適格(적격)한지를 확인하기 위하여 그들에게 시험을 치게 하려는 제안]