81C-3-394
But at least five New Deal policies would halt that tentative recovery. The trouble started with Roosevelt's erratic budgetary-spending patterns. During his first term and especially in the lead-up to his 1936 re-election campaign, F.D.R. submitted budgets to Congress that called for unprecedented spending. From 1933 to 1936, the federal budget rose from 6% to 9% of the nation's GDP.
Roosevelt's Public Works Administration had such a large budget, $3.3 billion, that even Ickes, who headed it, was astounded. "[If] we had it all in currency and should load it into trucks," Ickes wrote, "we could set out with it from Washington for the Pacific Coast, shovel off one million dollars at every milepost and still have enough left to build a fleet of battleships."
Once safely past the '36 election, the President permitted himself the luxury of second thoughts about outlays. Soon after, he, the Federal Reserve and the Treasury tightened money. Those moves helped cause the infamous Depression Within the Depression, a sharp downturn in 1937 and 1938. As much as the measures themselves, Washington's inconsistencies did damage.

A. 어휘
halt 정지시키다. tentative 일시적인. erratic 常軌(상궤)를 벗어난, 별난, 변덕스러운.
budgetary 예산의. lead-up 차츰 다가감. submit 제출하다, 복종하다.
call for 요구하다. unprecedented 前例(전례)가 없는.
Public Works Administration 공공사업부. astound 깜짝 놀라게 하다.
currency 통화. shovel off 삽으로 떠내다. milepost 里程標(이정표). fleet 함대.
past 지나간. outlay 돈의 지출. the Federal Reserve 연방준비은행.
the Treasury 財務省(재무성). cause 일으키다.
the Depression 1930년대의 세계경제대공황. measure 조치.
inconsistency 모순된 언행.

81C-4-395
Next came taxes. Instead of reversing Hoover's tax-hike error, Roosevelt compounded it by raising taxes again and again. His Treasury also cobbled together new business taxes. The same caution that had led banks to accumulate reserves during the worst of the downturn had moved corporations to put aside extra cash instead of using it to expand. Roosevelt, angered that firms were not spending to stimulate the economy, retaliated with an undistributed-profits tax on top of ordinary corporate taxes. Taken aback, observers accused him of "breaking the nest egg."
Beyond tax rates, a broader New Deal tax philosophy took its toll. Tax authorities had once drawn a clear line between tax avoidance the use of legal deductions and criminal tax evasion. Roosevelt blithely blotted out that line, conflating evasion with avoidance. Anyone who seemed to pay too little became a target of F.D.R.'s prosecutors. One of those targets was Andrew Mellon, Treasury Secretary under Warren Harding and Hoover. Roosevelt's Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau, told prosecutor Robert Jackson, a future Roosevelt appointee to the Supreme Court, that when it came to Mellon, "you can't be too tough."

A. 어휘
reverse 역으로 돌리다. tax-hike 세금 인상. compound 강화하다, 혼합하다.
treasury 재무부. cobble 꿰매다, 포장하다, 수선하다. caution 조심, 경계.
accumulate 축적하다. reserve 적립금, 준비금, 예비금. downturn 경기의 하강, 침체.
corporation 주식회사, 조합. put aside 後日(후일)을 위해 저축하다.
expand 확장하다. firm 회사, 商社(상사). stimulate 자극하다, 鼓舞(고무)하다.
retaliate 報復(보복)하다, 복수하다. undistributed 분배되지 않은.
undistributed-profits tax (UPT) 투자하거나 분배하지 않고 저축하는 수익에 대에 부과하는 세금. corporate taxes 法人稅(법인세). be taken aback 깜짝 놀라다.
accuse A of B. B에 대해서 A를 비난하다(고소하다). tax rate 세율.
toll 희생, 손해, 死傷者數(사상자수), 통행 요금, 弔鐘(조종). authorities 當局(당국).
avoidance 回避(회피). legal 합법적인. deduction 控除(공제), 빼기, 공제액.
criminal 범죄의. evasion 회피. criminal tax evasion 범죄적 탈세.
prosecutor 檢事(검사). treasury secretary 재무부장관. appointee 피임명자.

B. 구문
- Taken aback→When they were take aback→Being taken aback
- "you can't be too tough."
cf. cannot...too 아무리 ...해도 지나치지 않다.
ex. I cannot thank you too much. (대단히 감사합니다.)
[아무리 심하게 조사해도 지나치지 않을 것이다.]