81C-5-396
New Deal labor policy also prolonged the Depression. The centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Recovery Administration, supported minimum wages that employers often could not pay. The 1935 Wagner Act gave John Lewis and what would become his Congress of Industrial Organizations the power to insist that wages stay high or rise while the economy was still fragile. In the late '30s, joblessness rose yet again, and it became clear that double-digit unemployment would be the rule for the decade. People began to realize that the government-jobs programs that Roosevelt had created did not amount to true recovery because those jobs disappeared when the government stopped funding them.
Most intimidating of all was not a fact but a prospect: What more might this President do as he aggregated authority? In his 1937 Inaugural Address, F.D.R. told the nation outright that government was now fashioning itself into an "instrument of unimagined power." This shocked many who recalled the days of smaller government. That same year, when he sought to pack the Supreme Court, it became clear that F.D.R. meant what he said. The bill to allow court-packing was defeated, but voters still wondered where Roosevelt would turn next.
During the Depression Within the Depression, industrial production collapsed and families hungered again. Businesses went on "capital strike," choosing not to invest in the future. Even British economist John Maynard Keynes, who believed in deficit spending, chastised the U.S. President. "It is a mistake to think businessmen are more immoral than politicians."

A. 어휘
labor policy 노동정책. prolong 연장시키다. centerpiece 중심부. act 법령, 조례.
fragile 연약한, 망가지기 쉬운. double-digit 두 자리 數(수). rule 常例(상례), 습관.
amount to ...이 되다, ...에 이르다. intimidating 위협적인. prospect 전망.
aggregate 모으다. authority 권위. inaugural address 취임연설.
instrument 정부기관, 도구, 기계, 악기. unimagined power 상상하지 못했던 권력.
pack 사람으로 채우다. the Supreme Court 미국 연방대법원. bill 법률안.
court-packing 루즈벨트 대통령이 시도한 미국 대법원 개혁계획.
the Depression Within the Depression 세계경제대공황 동안에 일어난 또 다른 공황.
collapse 붕괴하다. capital 자본. John Maynard Keynes 영국의 세계적 경제학자.
deficit 적자. deficit spending 적자예산(지출). chastise 응징하다, 징벌하다.
immoral 부도덕한.

B. 구문
- double-digit unemployment would be the rule for the decade.
[대공황 10년 동안 두 자리 수의 실업률은 일상적인 것이 될 것이다]
- it became clear that F.D.R. meant what he said.
[루즈벨트가 진심으로 그런 말을 하였다는 것이 분명해졌다]

81C-6-397
In those later years of the 1930s, the Dow gave up its previous gains, closing off hope that it would soon return to its 1929 benchmark level. (The market would not regain those heights until the mid-1950s.) Per capita GDP reached pre-Crash levels only at the very end of the 1930s. But worst of all was the abiding unemployment, which gave the Depression its adjective Great in American memory.
Astonished by the difficulty of attaining true recovery, Americans talked about how the term forgotten man could have several meanings it could also describe the citizens who paid for the New Deal. "Who is the forgotten man in Muncie?" asked an editorialist from the Indiana town's paper. "I know him as intimately as I know my own undershirt. He is the fellow that is trying to get along without public relief ... In the meantime the taxpayers go on supporting many that would not work if they had jobs."
When the recovery came, as the decade closed, what were the causes? For one thing, as scholars like Christina Romer, chairwoman of President Obama's Council of Economic Advisers, have noted, gold flowing in from troubled Europe gave U.S. banks the kind of reserves that enabled them to lend more. And as F.D.R. turned his attentions to crises in Asia and Europe, he tired of his war on business at home. Instead of getting pounded, big companies found themselves working hand in glove with the government to arm the U.S. or supply materiel for lend-lease.
The real question about the Great Depression is not how or whether World War II ended it, but rather why the Depression lasted until the war. That episode of American life reminds us that even the best-intentioned government intervention can make things worse. And that when a politician remembers one forgotten man, he often creates another.

Shlaes is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. She is currently writing a biography of Calvin Coolidge

A. 어휘
the Dow =Dow-Jones Index 미국 평균주가지수. gains 수익, 이익금.
benchmark 기준, 척도. Crash 붕괴(경제대공황). abiding 변함 없는.
adjective 형용사. the term forgotten man 잊혀진 사람이라는 用語(용어).
Muncie 미국 Indiana州 동부에 있는 도시. editorialist 논설위원. intimately 친하게.
undershirt 내복. relief 구호금, 救濟(구제). advisers 顧問(고문), 보좌관.
gold flowing in 流入(유입)되는 金. reserves 준비금, 적립금. crisis 위기.
pound 두들기다, 세차게 치다. hand in glove 협력하여, 마주 손을 잡고.
arm 무장시키다.
materiel 무기, 군대의 장비, 설비. lend-lease 동맹국에 대한 무기 貸與(대여).
the best-intentioned government intervention 善意(선의)의 정부간섭.
currently 현재에는. biography 傳記(전기).

B. 구문
- "Who is the forgotten man . . . I know my own undershirt.
[“Muncie에 사는 잊혀진 사람(가난한 시민)은 누구인가?”라고 Muncie에서 발간하는 한 신문사의 논설위원은 물었다. 나는 그를 나의 內衣(내의)만큼 잘 안다.“
- when a politician remembers . . . he often creates another.
[정치가가 한 명의 가난한 시민을 보살필 때 그는 또 다른 가난한 사람을 만들어내기도 한다(빈민을 구한다는 정책을 실행하면서 또 다른 빈민을 만들어 낸다)]