A special report on the Arab world
96. Imposing freedom
The Economist print edition Jul 23rd 2009

96-1-449
IN THE month of June an attractive black American politician visited a university in Cairo and made an astonishing speech. "For 60 years," said the visitor, "my country, the United States, pursued stability at the expense of democracy in the Middle Eastand we achieved neither. Now we are taking a different course. We are supporting the democratic aspirations of all people." The year was 2005 and the orator was Condoleezza Rice, George Bush's secretary of state.
For someone in her position to make such a speech in such a place was testimony to the huge impact the attacks of September 11th 2001 had on American thinking about the Middle East. The advent of al-Qaeda persuaded the neoconservative ideologues of the Bush administration that terrorism carried out in the name of Islam was bred in part by the lack of democracy and pluralism in the Arab world. Henceforth America's national interest lay in persuading the autocratic regimes it had previously supported, such as Egypt's, to turn themselves into democracies.
Four years on from Ms Rice's speech, the Bush administration's dream that democracy could be imposed on the Arabs by an outside force lies in tatters. Whatever becomes of Iraq in the longer term, the bright hope that the Americans' removal of Saddam might transform that country into a democratic example for other Arabs to follow has flickered out. The invasion, and the civil war that followed it, killed far too many Iraqis for anyone else in the region to wish such a chaotic, bloody and destructive experiment on themselves.

A. 어휘
impose 강요하다. astonishing 깜짝 놀라게 하는. stability 안정.
at the expense of...를 희생하고. aspiration 열망. orator 연설자.
secretary of state 국무장관. testimony 證言(증언), 증거. impact 충격, 충돌.
advent 출현, 到來(도래), 등장. persuade 說得(설득)하다.
neoconservative 신보수주의적인. ideologue 이데올로기 연구가, 관념론자.
administration 행정부. carry out 수행하다. breed-bred-bred 增殖(증식)하다, 양육하다.
pluralism 多元論(다원론), 가치의 다양성. henceforth 이제부터는.
national interest 국가이익. autocratic regimes 독재정권. previously 以前(이전)에.
democracy 민주주의 국가, 민주주의. democracies 민주주의 국가들.
on 계속해서(부사). tatters 누더기, 넝마, 갈기갈기 찢어지다. removal 제거.
becomes of ...이 어떻게 되다.transform 변형시키다.
flicker out 등불이 가물거리다가 꺼지다. invasion 침공, 침입.
civil war 內戰(내전). Iraqis 이라크인들. chaotic 대혼란의, 무질서한.
destructive 파멸적인.

B. 구문
- For someone in her position to make . . . thinking about the Middle East.
cf. for someone →부정사 to make 의 의미상 주어.
[그녀와 같은 지위에 있는 사람이 그런 장소에서 그런 연설을 하였다는 것은 2001년 9월 11일의 테러공격이 중동에 대한 미국인의 의식에 미친 엄청난 충격에 대한 증언이었다.]
- Whatever becomes of Iraq in the longer term
[보다 장기적으로는 이라크가 어떻게 되든]
- The invasion, and the civil war . . . destructive experiment on themselves.
cf. for anyone else→ 부정사 to wish의 의미상 주어.
[그 침공과 침공에 이은 내전은 너무나 많은 이라크인들을 죽여서 그 지역의 어느 나라도 그토록 혼란스럽고 그토록 많은 피를 흘리며 그토록 파멸적인 실험을 하고싶어 하지 않게 되었다.]

96-2-450
The installation of democracy was never the main part of America's motivation for unseating Saddam. The need to rid America of an unpredictable enemy, suspected plausibly of pursuing weapons of mass destruction, loomed much larger in Mr Bush's pre-war speeches and deliberations. His "freedom agenda" came to the fore later, after it was discovered that the much-hyped weapons did not exist. But this later effort to talk, bribe and bully friendly Arab regimes into political reform was serious. And the reasons for its failure, even in the case of supposedly malleable American "clients" such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia, reveal a great deal about the immobility of Arab politics.

Drip, drip, drip
The pressure Mr Bush put on the Arab regimes to embrace democracy was not brutal, but it was significant. In 2002 the president spoke up in support of Saad Eddin Ibrahim, an Egyptian-American writer and political activist who had been imprisoned on what looked like trumped-up charges. In 2005 Mr Bush called on President Hosni Mubarak to allow freer voting in the Egyptian elections due that year. In places where America wielded more direct influence over events, such as post-invasion Iraq and, via Israel, the Palestinian territories, elections became the order of the day. At America's behest Iraqis went to the polls three times in 2005: first for a National Assembly, then for a referendum on a new constitution, and last to elect another National Assembly under the new constitution's rules. To Israel's astonishment, the Americans also advised letting Hamas contest the Palestinian elections of January 2006, which the radical Islamist movement then disobligingly went on to win.

A. 어휘
installation 설치, 설비, 임명. motivation 動機(동기). unseat 면직시키다.
rid America of 미국에서 ...를 제거하다. suspected 의심되는.
plausibly 그럴듯하게 보이는. pursue 추구하다. mass destruction 대량파괴.
loom 어렴풋이 나타나다, 무시무시하게 보이다. pre-war speeches 전쟁전의 연설.
deliberation 고려, 토의, 검토, 熟考(숙고). agenda 議題(의제).
come to the fore 前面(전면)에 나타나다, 크게 부각되다, 유명하게 되다.
much-hyped 많이 선전된. bribe 뇌물을 주다. bully 못살게 굴다, 위협하다.
supposedly 아마도. malleable 유순한, 두들겨 펼 수 있는.
client 단골 손님, 소송의뢰인. reveal 감추어진 것을 알리다, 폭로하다, 啓示(계시)하다.
immobility 不動性(부동성), 정지상태. politics 정치. drip 액체가 뚝뚝 떨어지다.
regimes 정부, 정권. embrace 끌어안다. brutal 야만적인, 잔인한.
significant 주목할만한, 중대한, 뜻이 있는.
an Egyptian-American writer and political activist 이집트 係(계) 미국인 작가.
trumped-up charges 捏造(날조)된 罪目(죄목).
called on ... to allow 허용할 것을 요구하였다. due ...할 예정인.
wield 권력 따위를 휘두르다. post-invasion Iraq 침공후의 이라크.
via=by way of ...를 거쳐서. territory 지역, 영토.
the order of the day 즉시(당일) 시행해야될 명령.
At America's behest 미국의 명령에 따라. National Assembly 국회.
referendum 국민투표. constitution 헌법. astonishment 驚愕(경악), 놀람.
Hamas 팔레스타인 해방을 목표로 하는 폭력 무장조직.
radical 급진적인. disobligingly 불친절하게도, 인정머리 없게도.

B. 구문
- suspected→ who was suspected
- To Israel's astonishment, the. . . the Palestinian elections of January 2006.
[이스라엘이 깜짝 놀라게도 미국은 2006년 1월 팔레스타인 선거에 Hamas가 참여하도록 허용할 것을 이스라엘에 권고하였다.]