112. Schumpeter

Taking flight
Sep 17th 2009 From The Economist print edition

This week we launch a new column on business and management. Why call it Schumpeter?

112-1-514
THERE is something about business that prevents most people from seeing straight. The rise of modern business provoked relentless criticism. Anthony Trollope featured a fraudulent railway company in "The Way We Live Now" (1875). Upton Sinclair dwelt on "the inferno of exploitation" in Chicago's meat packing industry in "The Jungle" (1906). Muckraking journalists denounced the titans of American business as "robber barons".
A striking number of business people accepted this hostile assessment. Friedrich Engels used some of the profits of his successful textile business to support Karl Marx, the self-proclaimed gravedigger of capitalism. Henry Frick's last message to his fellow steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie, was "Tell him I'll see him in hell, where we both are going." Many of the greatest business people threw themselves into philanthropy to try to win back the souls that they had lost in making money. Anti-business sentiment is still widespread today. For many environmentalists, business is responsible for despoiling the planet. For many apostles of corporate social responsibility, business people are fallen angels who can only redeem themselves by doing good works.

A. 어휘
launch 착수하다, 시작하다, 배를 진수시키다.
prevent.... from 하지 못하게 막다. see straight 똑바로 보다.
provoke 자극하여 시키다, 선동하다, 화나게 하다. relentless 무자비한.
Anthony Trollope (1815-1882) 영국 소설가.
feature 특징을 그리다, 大書特筆(대서특필)하다, 특종으로 하다.
fraudulent 사기치는, 부정한. Upton Sinclair(1878-1968) 미국 소설가.
dwell on 자세히 쓰다, 숙고하다. inferno 지옥. exploitation 착취, 개척.
packing industry 통조림제조 산업. muckrake 醜聞(추문)이나 不正(부정)을 들어내다.
denounce 비난하다, 糾彈(규탄)하다. titan 거인, 뛰어난 재능을 각진 사람.
robber barons 노상강도 귀족. striking 놀라운. hostile 적대적인.
assessment 평가, 課稅(과세). textile 직물. proclaim 公言(공언)하다.
gravedigger 무덤 파는 사람. Henry Frick(1849-1919) 미국의 사업가 겸 자선사업자.
magnate 거물. philanthropy 자선, 博愛(박애). sentiment 감정, 의견.
despoil 약탈하다. apostle 使徒(사도).
corporate social responsibility 기업의 사회적 책임.
fallen angels 타락한 천사. redeem 구하다.

112-2-515
But anti-business sentiment is not as pervasive as it once was, thanks to the Thatcher-Reagan revolution and the collapse of communism. Instead there is new irritation to contend withthe blandification of business. Companies are at pains to present themselves as warm-and-fuzzy global citizens. Politicians praise businessmen as job creators. The United Nations and the World Bank celebrate businesses as all-purpose problem-solvers. Nicolas Sarkozy makes a distinction between business people (who create things) and financial speculators (who wreak havoc).
Joseph Schumpeter was one of the few intellectuals who saw business straight. He regarded business people as unsung heroes: men and women who create new enterprises through the sheer force of their wills and imaginations, and, in so doing, are responsible for the most benign development in human history, the spread of mass affluence. "Queen Elizabeth [I] owned silk stockings," he once observed. "The capitalist achievement does not typically consist in providing more silk stockings for queens but in bringing them within the reach of factory girls in return for steadily decreasing amounts of effort…The capitalist process, not by coincidence but by virtue of its mechanism, progressively raises the standard of life of the masses." But Schumpeter knew far too much about the history of business to be a cheerleader. He recognised that business people are often ruthless monomaniacs, obsessed by their dreams of building "private kingdoms" and willing to do anything to crush their rivals.

A. 어휘
sentiment 감정. pervasive 넘치는, 침투하는. thanks to ...때문에, 덕택에.
collapse 崩壞(붕괴). irritation 짜증나게 하기, 화냄, 초조.
contend with 싸우다, 경쟁하다. blandification 부드럽게 하기, 상냥하게 함.
at pains 애쓰고 있는. fuzzy 솜털 같은. celebrate 極口(극구) 칭찬하다, 축하하다.
Nicolas Sarkozy 現(현) 프랑스 대통령. distinction 구별.
speculator 투기꾼. wreak 복수하다, 화를 터뜨리다.
havoc 대 파괴, 참혹한 피해. intellectual 지식인. unsung 稱頌(칭송)되지 않는.
enterprise 기업. sheer 완전한, 純全(순전)한. benign 祥瑞(상서)로운, 吉兆(길조)의.
mass affluence 대중의 풍요. typically 전형적으로.
consist in ...에 있다. decrease 감소하다. in return for ...에 대한 보답으로.
steadily decreasing amounts of effort 꾸준히 줄어드는 노동의 양.
process 방법, 工程(공정), 절차, 과정. coincidence 우연의 일치.
by virtue of ...덕분으로. progressively 연속적으로, 점진적으로, 累進的(누진적)으로.
ruthless 무자비한. monomaniac 편집광. obsess 강박관념에 사로잡히다.