United States
Direct democracy
127.The tyranny of the majority
Dec 17th 2009 | LOS ANGELES From The Economist print edition
The fourth branch of government has run amok in parts of America
127-1-590
AS 2009 draws to a close, the voter-initiative industry is already frantically busy. In two dozen states new propositions are being readied to go before voters in 2010. Soon "bounty hunters", paid by the sponsors, will appear on the streets to gather signatures in order to place initiatives on ballots. In states such as California voters will probably have to consider more than a dozen next year.
The lofty term for these initiatives, along with referendums and recalls (most famously of Gray Davis, California's then-governor, in 2003), is "direct democracy". They play the biggest and most excessive role in California, where voters have directly amended the state's constitution or statutes in matters big and small, from how to spend to how to tax, from regulating how fowl should be kept in coops to banning gays from marrying.
The latter two initiatives happened to pass on the same ballot in 2008. Thus "chickens gained valuable rights in California on the same day that gay men and lesbians lost them," as Ronald George, the chief justice of California's Supreme Court, remarked recently. The court had previously ruled gay marriage legal, but was obliged to uphold the voters' wishes.
This odd pairing illustrates the problem that direct democracy poses today. First, by circumventing legislatures in the minutiae of governance (chicken coops, for instance), direct democracy overrules, and often undermines, representative democracy. Second, by letting majorities of those voting-who are often a minority of the state's residents-circumscribe the rights of minorities (gays, in this case), direct democracy can threaten individual freedom.
A. ¾îÈÖ
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amok ½ÉÇÑ Á¤½ÅÂø¶õ.
voter-initiative industry ÅõÇ¥ÀÚ Û¡Ó®(¹ß´Ü)»ê¾÷¡´ÅõÇ¥ÀÚ ¸¶À½Àâ±â »ê¾÷¡µ.
frantically ´ë´ÜÈ÷, ¹ÌÄ£ µíÀÌ. proposition Á¦¾È, °ÇÀÇ, Ù¤ð¹(¸íÁ¦).
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signature ¼¸í. initiatives ÏÐÚÅÛ¡ì¡(±¹¹Î¹ßÀÇ).
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recalls ±¹¹Î¼Òȯ. then-governor ´ç½ÃÀÇ ÁÖÁö»ç.
amend ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù. excessive ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ, °úµµÇÑ, Å͹«´Ï¾ø´Â.
constitution úÊÛö(Çå¹ý). statute ÛöÖµ(¹ý·É).
regulate ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù. fowl ðè×¾(Á¶·ù), ´ß. coop »õÀå, ´ßÀå. ban ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Ù.
latter ýíº(ÈÄÀÚ)ÀÇ, µÚ¿¡ ¸»ÇÑ. ballot ÅõÇ¥, ÅõÇ¥¿ëÁö.
the chief justice ¼ö¼®ÆÇ»ç. Supreme Court ÃÖ°í¹ýÁ¤(´ë¹ý¿ø).
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be obliged to ...À» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. oblige °¿äÇÏ´Ù, ¾ïÁö·Î ½ÃŰ´Ù.
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pairing ¦Áþ±â. pose Á¦ÃâÇÏ´Ù. circumvent Æ÷À§ÇÏ´Ù, Ã¥·«¿¡ ºü¶ß¸®´Ù, ±â¸¸ÇÏ´Ù.
legislature ñ¶(ÁÖ) ÀÇȸ, ÀÔ¹ý±â°ü. minutiae ÀÚÁú±¸·¹ÇÏ°í »ó¼¼ÇÑ °Í.
governance ÅëÄ¡, Áö¹è. overrule ÆÄ±âÇÏ´Ù, ¹«È¿·Î ÇÏ´Ù.
representative democracy ÓÛì¡ÚÅñ«ñ«ëù(´ëÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ).
circumscribe ¼Ó¹ÚÇÏ´Ù, àÊ(¼±)À¸·Î µÑ·¯½Î´Ù.
B. ±¸¹®
-the same day that gay men and lesbians lost them
=the same day on which men and lesbians lost them
=the same day when men and lesbians lost them
=the same day that men and lesbians lost them
cf. °ü°èºÎ»ç¡æÀüÄ¡»ç+°ü°è´ë¸í»ç¡´Çü¿ë»çÀý¡µ
ex. This is the house in which President Park was born.
=This is the house where President Park was born.
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