129. The idea of progress
Onwards and upwards
Dec 17th 2009 From The Economist print edition
Why is the modern view of progress so impoverished?
129-1-605
THE best modern parable of progress was, aptly, ahead of its time. In 1861 Imre Madach published "The Tragedy of Man", a "Paradise Lost" for the industrial age. The verse drama, still a cornerstone of Hungarian literature, describes how Adam is cast out of the Garden with Eve, renounces God and determines to recreate Eden through his own efforts. "My God is me," he boasts, "whatever I regain is mine by right. This is the source of all my strength and pride."
Adam gets the chance to see how much of Eden he will "regain". He starts in Ancient Egypt and travels in time through 11 tableaux, ending in the icebound twilight of humanity. It is a cautionary tale. Adam glories in the Egyptian pyramids, but he discovers that they are built on the misery of slaves. So he rejects slavery and instead advances to Greek democracy. But when the Athenians condemn a hero, much as they condemned Socrates, Adam forsakes democracy and moves on to harmless, worldly pleasure. Sated and miserable in hedonistic Rome, he looks to the chivalry of the knights crusader. Yet each new reforming principle crumbles before him. Adam replaces 17th-century Prague's courtly hypocrisy with the rights of man. When equality curdles into Terror under Robespierre, he embraces individual liberty-which is in turn corrupted on the money-grabbing streets of Georgian London. In the future a scientific Utopia has Michelangelo making chair-legs and Plato herding cows, because art and philosophy have no utility. At the end of time, having encountered the savage man who has no guiding principle except violence, Adam is downcast-and understandably so. Suicidal, he pleads with Lucifer: "Let me see no more of my harsh fate: this useless struggle."
A. ¾îÈÖ
impoverished °¡³ÇØÁø, ¸Þ¸¶¸¥. parable éÕü¥(¿ìÈ), ºñÀ¯. aptly ÀûÀýÈ÷.
"Paradise Lost"¡°ã÷Ñâê®(½Ç¶ô¿ø)¡±¡´Eden¿¡¼ Ãß¹æ´çÇÏ´Â Adam°ú EveÀÇ À̾߱⸦ ¼ÒÀç·Î ÇÑ MiltonÀÇ ÀåÆí ßóÞÀãÌ(¼»ç½Ã)¡µ.
verse ãÌ(½Ã), ê¤Ùþ(¿î¹®). verse drama ãÌм(½Ã±Ø). renounce ºñ³ÇÏ´Ù.
tableaux ±×¸², ±ØÀû Àå¸é. icebound ¾óÀ½À¸·Î ¸·Èù, ¾óÀ½¿¡ °¤Èù.
twilight Ȳȥ. cautionary °æ°èÀÇ, °æ°íÀÇ, ÁÖÀǸ¦ Ã˱¸ÇÏ´Â. cf. cautious ½ÅÁßÇÑ.
glories in ÀÚ¶ûÇÏ´Ù. misery ÝèóÓ(ºñÂü)ÇÑ °Í. condemn ºñ³ÇÏ´Ù, ýþÑñ(Èú³)ÇÏ´Ù.
forsake Àú¹ö¸®´Ù. sate ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Ù, Ø»ÑÒ(¸¸³£)ÇÏ´Ù. hedonistic Çâ¶ôÀûÀÎ.
looks to... ¿¡ ±â´ë¸¦ °É´Ù, ...À» µ¹º¸´Ù, Á¶½ÉÇÏ´Ù. chivalry ÑÈÞÍÔ³(±â»çµµ).
knight ÑÈÞÍ(±â»ç). crusader ½ÊÀÚ±º ¿ë»ç. principle ¿ø¸®, ñ«ëù(ÁÖÀÇ), ¹æÄ§.
crumble »ê»ê Á¶°¢³ª´Ù. replace ´ëüÇÏ´Ù. courtly Ïàñé(±ÃÁß)ÀÇ, ǰÀ§ ÀÖ´Â.
hypocrisy À§¼±. curdle Çǰ¡ ±»¾îÁö´Ù, ¼¶¶àÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù.
Robespierre ÇÁ¶û½º ´ëÇõ¸íÁöµµÀÚ. embrace Æ÷¿ËÇÏ´Ù, äÅÃÇÏ´Ù.
corrupted ºÎÆÐÇÏ´Ù. money-grabbing ¾ÇÂø½º·´°Ô µ·À» ¸ðÀ¸´Â. cf. grab Àâ¾ÆÃ¤´Ù.
herd ¸ðÀ¸´Ù, °¡ÃàÀÇ ¹«¸®. utility À¯¿ë¼º, È¿¿ë. savage ¾ß¸¸ÀÇ.
downcast ÀDZâ¼ÒħÇÑ. Ç®ÀÌ Á×Àº. suicidal ÀÚ»ìÀÇ.
plead with °£Ã»ÇÏ´Ù. Lucifer تèÝ(¸¶¿Õ), »çź.
B. ±¸¹®
-Suicidal¡æWhen he is suicidal ¡æBeing suicidal
C. ÓÞëù(´ëÀÇ)
Áøº¸¿¡ °üÇÑ Çö´ë ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿ìÈ´Â ÀûÀýÇϰԵµ Çö´ë½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Õ¼ ³ªÅ¸³µ¾ú´Ù. 1861³â¿¡ Imre Madach´Â »ê¾÷½Ã´ëÀÇ ¡°ã÷Ñâê®(½Ç¶ô¿ø)¡±À» ±×¸° ¡°Àΰ£ÀÇ ºñ±Ø¡±À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Çë°¡¸® ¹®ÇÐÀÇ Ãʼ®À¸·Î ÅëÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ãÌм(½Ã±Ø)Àº AdamÀÌ Eve¿Í ÇÔ²² ¿¡µ§¿¡¼ ÂѰܳª¼ AdamÀÌ ãêÀ» ºñ³Çϰí, ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ¿¡µ§À» ÀçâÁ¶Çϱâ·Î °á½ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °æÀ§¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¡°³ªÀÇ ãêÀº ³ª´Ù. ³»°¡ ¡´ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ¿¡µ§¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¡µµµ·Î ã°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ ´ç¿¬È÷ ³ªÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ¸ðµç Èû°ú ÀںνÉÀÇ ¿øÃµÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó¸ç »Ë³½´Ù.
AdamÀº ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ¿¡µ§ Áß¿¡¼ ¾î´À Á¤µµ¸¦ ¡°µµ·Î ã°Ô µÉ °Í¡±Àΰ¡¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ±×´Â °í´ë ÀÌÁýÆ®¿¡¼ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ½Ã°£ÀÇ °æ°ú¿¡ µû¶ó 11°³ÀÇ Àå¸éÀ» Åë°úÇÏ¿© ¾óÀ½À¸·Î ¸·Èù ÀηùÀÇ È²È¥±â¿¡¼ ³¡À» ³½´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Ìíͱ(°æ°í)ÀÇ À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. AdamÀº ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ÇǶó¹Ìµå¸¦ ÀÚ¶ûÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀÌ ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ °í³À§¿¡ °Ç¼³µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×´Â ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ ¹è°ÝÇÏ°í ±× ´ë½Å ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ·Î ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀεéÀÌ Socrates¸¦ ¡¹úÇÑ °Íó·³ ¾î¶² ¿µ¿õÀ» ¡¹úÇÒ ¶§, ±×´Â ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹ö¸®°í Ùíúª(¹«ÇØ)ÇÑ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ Äè¶ôÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ Çâ¶ôÀûÀÎ ·Î¸¶ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ½½ÆÛÁ®¼ ½ÊÀÚ±º¿ë»çµéÀÇ ±â»çµµ¿¡ ±â´ë¸¦ °É¾î º»´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°¡ »õ·Ó°Ô äÅÃÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¹æÄ§Àº ¹ø¹øÀÌ ¹Ú»ì³´Ù. AdamÀº 17¼¼±â Prague ±ÃÁßÀÇ À§¼±À» ÀαÇÀ¸·Î ´ëü ÇÑ´Ù. ÆòµîÀÌ RobespierreÀÇ °øÆ÷Á¤Ä¡·Î ±»¾îÁú ¶§ AdamÀº °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ äÅà ÇÑ´Ù- ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº George èݽôëÀÇ ¾ÇÂø°°ÀÌ µ·¿¡¸¸ ÁýÂøÇÏ´Â ·±´ø(¿µ±¹)¿¡¼ ºÎÆÐ·Î ¿À¿° µÈ´Ù. ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °úÇÐÀû Utopia¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼ú°ú öÇÐÀÌ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Michelangelo°¡ ÀÇÀÚ ´Ù¸®³ª ¸¸µé°í Plato(ÇöóÅæ)ÀÌ ¼Ò¶¼¸¦ ¸ô°í ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ðûØÇ(Á¾¸»)¿¡´Â Æø·Â ¿Ü¿¡´Â ò¦öÜ(Áöħ)ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¾ß¸¸Á·À» ¸¸³ª±â ¶§¹®¿¡ AdamÀº ëòѨáÑöØ(ÀDZâ¼Òħ)ÇØ Áø´Ù-AdamÀÌ ÀÌ Áö°æÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÚ»ìÇÒ »ý°¢À» ÇÏ¸é¼ ±×´Â ¸¶¿Õ Lucifer¿¡°Ô ¡°Àú·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀúÀÇ °ÅÄ£ ¿î¸íÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁֽʽÿÀ. ÀÌ ÙíéÄ(¹«¿ë)ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ».¡±¶ó°í °£Ã»ÇÑ´Ù.
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