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Definition of a Dirty Bomb
The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) defines a dirty bomb as, 'type of a ¡°radiological dispersal device¡± (RDD) that combines a conventional explosive, such as dynamite, with radioactive material.' Simply put, a terrorist can obtain a regular explosive, such as TNT or dynamite and attach radioactive material to it. Making a dirty bomb is relatively inexpensive and easy. The figure below from CNN, outlines the main points.
 
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the primary dangers of a dirty bomb are the physical danger of the immediate blast with the danger of diseases related to radiation exposure being secondary. The CDC speculates that a dirty bomb would only contain enough radiation to cause 'immediate serious illness' in individuals in the immediate vicinity of the blast (CDC, 2006).
There are two main components:
 
Conventional Explosive
The conventional explosive can be anything that explodes, instructions on how to make just an explosive are readily available. For those who like to read books The Anarchists Cookbook contains instructions on how to make TNT and dynamite. As for those who like the internet, a simple google search will yield many results on how to make explosives from household chemicals. In fact, a simple search on Google for 'how to make a bomb' will turn up 34,100,000 hits in .10 seconds.
Examples of a conventional explosive include: TNT, dynamite, C-4, and plastic explosive.
Radioactive Material
The second part of a dirty bomb is the radioactive material. This is more difficult to obtain. It can typically be some kind of radioactive waste, because it is easy to steal. Radioactive garbage is typically under less security then weapons grade Plutonium. There are many residential, commercial and industrial uses for radioactive materials. For example, nuclear medicine, smoke detectors, etc... However, this is not the real threat, Susan Combs, the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts writes in her Fiscal Notes, 'These materials vary greatly in the potential danger they represent. Smoke detectors, for instance, contain only tiny amounts of nuclear material, and many radioactive sources used in medicine lose their potency within days or even minutes¡± (Combs, 1).
One way to acquire nuclear material for a dirty bomb, as pointed out by the Chicago Tribune, is from the former Soviet Union. The satellite states of the former Soviet Union are in complete economic disarray. 'Jobless for two years, Gagik Tovmasyan believed escape from poverty lay in a cardboard box on his kitchen floor. Inside the box, a blue, lead-lined vessel held the right type and amount of radioactive cesium to make a 'dirty bomb.' The material was given to him by an unemployed Armenian Catholic priest who promised a cut if Tovmasyan could find a buyer.'
The collapse of the Soviet Union came as a big sigh of relief for the United States. But with that collapse came the good, the bad, and the ugly. The good news was that an ideological opponent was wiped out. The bad news was that there was some economic instability which led to disorder. The ugly, is the fact that there are lots of weapons and material that are unaccounted for. Materials that can be very deadly if they were to find themselves in the wrong hands. For example, the suitcase nuclear warheads that the Soviets developed, it appears that a few are lost (do not confuse the suitcase nuclear bomb with a dirty bomb, the suitcase bomb is an actual thermonuclear weapon that is small enough to fit in a suitcase).
In the case of Mr. Gagik Tovmasyan, his problem was that he was poor, without a job, and had some Cesium-137. His solution: sell it to make some money. Luckily, Mr. Tovmasyan tried to sell the Cesium to an agent, and ended up in prison. However, nobody is out of the danger, the radioactive material needed is readily available at poorly protected or unprotected bases all over Russia.
 
Lots of radioactive materials disappear and go unaccounted for. Any of them could wind up as part of a dirty bomb. A few examples of acceptable radioactive sources are radioisotopes of: Cesium, Cobalt, or Americium. Americium-241 is found in some household smoke detectors, but it is in a tiny insignificant amount.
 
Below is a selection of possible dirty bomb radioisotopes. However, every element in the periodic table has one or more radioactive isotopes, any radioactive isotope can be used in a dirty bomb. The shortened list below has been carefully chosen because these particular isotopes bear an importance due to their commercial and industrial uses.
How it all comes together
 
The conventional explosive detonates, spreading the radioactive material around.
The immediate impact of the bomb is felt through the explosion. A slight gust of wind would be enough to disperse the radioactive material into the air (most scientists agree this will have a negliable effect on health). The problem is that
fear and mass panic will ensue. Imagine the number of car accidents and stampedes a bomb, never the less a bomb with 'nuclear tendencies', would cause. People would flee cities clogging highways and bridges, money would be pulled from banks, people would not go to work. This is 'terrorism' at its height.











