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At 11am the french bombardment of Hougoumont farm and other points in the allied line began the battle.
- Allied artillary massed attack on the far side of valley on the french infantry, but it's doubtful whether they did much damage.
- At midday Prince Jerome ordered the assault on Hougoumont by the french infantry.
- The French cannonade began and the Duke ordered his infantry battalions to move behind the ridge and to lie down shielding them from incoming attacks.
- At about 1.30pm Marshal Ney brought forward the French guns over the ridge, followed by the 17,000 infantry of D¡¯Erlon¡¯s corps to begin the attack on the Duke of Wellington¡¯s centre and left.
- After half an hour the barrage stopped. The french then marched up to the crest of the ridge. The allied infantry struggled to hold the French and the Union and Household Brigades were brought up to check the French advance.
- It is notoriously difficult to pull up cavalry committed to an attack and the British regiments did not readily respond to the recall orders. The union bridgade continued to attack across the valley in which they were overwhelmed by French cavalry, up to the French guns. They were then driven back by French lancers.
- At 3pm and there was a lull in the battle, the only active fighting being the continuing attack on Hougoument. The battle began slowly swinging in the Allies favour as Blucher¡¯s Prussian Army arrived on the field in the South-East.
- Napoleon ordered Ney to capture La Haye Sante, considering the farm to be the key to the Allied position. Before the French could reach the Allied line the infantry formed squares interlaced with artillery batteries but were unable to penetrate them.
- During the next three hours a dozen cavalry attacks were made up to the ridge and back. Napoleon while he thought the initial attack was premature committed increasing numbers of cavalry to support the assault. At around 5.30pm Ney launched the final cavalry assault. However the calavry was exhausted and the attack failed yet again.
- Ney then launched the sustained infantry assault on La Haye Sante which was overwhelmed. The defenders (King's German Legion and Nassauers) ran out of ammunition. By now the Prussian assault in the South East on Plancenoit was seriously threatening the French position.
- Thinking that the Allied line was at breaking point Ney sent desperately to the Emperor for more troops to attack. By this time Wellington had reorganised his forces and the opportunity that Ney had, this time, correctly identified had passed.
- The Guard marched up to La Haye Sante for the attack. There Napoleon stood aside and left the command to Ney. Ney led the five battalions up the left hand side of the Brussels road.
- The Middle Guard pressurised the British battalions but were assaulted by the Dutch calvary who drove them back down the hill.
- The 3rd Regiment of Chasseurs approached the ridge opposite Maitland¡¯s Brigade of Foot Guards. The Foot Guards stood, fired a volley and charged with the bayonet driving the French Guard back down the hill.
- The last of the French Guard regiments, the 4th Chasseurs came up in support as the British Guards withdrew back over the ridge. Again this French attack was driven by 52nd Foot off in which the French began a general retreat to the cry of ¡°La Garde recule¡±.
- Within fifteen minutes Wellington appeared on the skyline and waved his hat to give the signal for a general attack in pursuit of the French troops. The British, Belgian, Dutch and German troops poured forward and the French retreat became a rout.
A little before 16:00, Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington's centre. He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat, and sought to exploit it. Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps, Ney had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. Ney therefore tried to break Wellington's centre with cavalry alone.[113] Initially Milhaud's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and Lefebvre-Desnoëttes' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard, some 4,800 sabres, were committed. When these were repulsed, Kellermann's heavy cavalry corps and Guyot's heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault, a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons.[114] When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon.[111]
"French Cuirassiers", by Louis Dumoulin.
Wellington's infantry responded by forming squares (hollow box-formations four ranks deep). Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle – a 500-man battalion square would have been no more than 60 feet (18 m) in length on a side. Vulnerable to artillery or infantry, squares that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry, because they could not be outflanked and because horses would not charge into a hedge of bayonets. Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached, and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated.[115][116]
Witnesses in the British infantry recorded as many as 12 assaults, though this probably includes successive waves of the same general attack the number of general assaults was undoubtedly far fewer. Kellermann, recognising the futility of the attacks, tried to reserve the elite carabinier brigade from joining in, but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement.[117]
A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack, an officer in the Foot Guards, recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically:
About four p.m., the enemy's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden, and we saw large masses of cavalry advance: not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge. You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming, long moving line, which, ever advancing, glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight. On they came until they got near enough, whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host. One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass. They were the famous cuirassiers, almost all old soldiers, who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe. In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us, shouting "Vive l'Empereur!" The word of command, "Prepare to receive cavalry", had been given, every man in the front ranks knelt, and a wall bristling with steel, held together by steady hands, presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers.
—Captain Rees Howell Gronow, Foot Guards, [118]
"The artillery officers had the range so accurately, that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses" (Original inscription and drawing after George Jones).
In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect.[119] Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate at Waterloo, however, co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive. The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo-allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive.[120] Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties, but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect, at targets beyond the ridge. If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations, and were not panicked, cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them. The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares, the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive countercharges of Wellington's light cavalry regiments, the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade, and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry. At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges. Captain Mercer, who commanded 'G' Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine-pounders in action against the cavalry throughout, to great effect:[v]
I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us, and then gave the word, "Fire!" The effect was terrible. Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once and the round shot, penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent ... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower's scythe.
—Captain Cavalié Mercer, RHA, [121]
A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry.
For reasons that remain unclear, no attempt was made to spike other allied guns while they were in French possession. In line with Wellington's orders, gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack. After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont-Saint-Jean ridge, the French cavalry was spent.[w] Their casualties cannot easily be estimated. Senior French cavalry officers, in particular the generals, experienced heavy losses. Four divisional commanders were wounded, nine brigadiers wounded, and one killed – testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front.[117] Illustratively, Houssaye reports that the Grenadiers à Cheval numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June, but just 462 on 19 June, while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period.[122] Overall Guyot's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47% of its strength.
2nd Guard Lancers with the Grenadiers à Cheval in support.[x]
Eventually it became obvious, even to Ney, that cavalry alone were achieving little. Belatedly, he organised a combined-arms attack, using Bachelu's division and Tissot's regiment of Foy's division from Reille's II Corps (about 6,500 infantrymen) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight. This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks.[123] It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge. The British cavalry were unable, however, to break the French infantry, and fell back with losses from musketry fire.[124]
Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers, under Major-General Trip, to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence.[125] However, there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources.[y] Meanwhile, Bachelu's and Tissot's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam's infantry brigade, and they eventually fell back.[123] Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington's centre, artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many. Wellington's cavalry, except for Sir John Vandeleur's and Sir Hussey Vivian's brigades on the far left, had all been committed to the fight, and had taken significant losses. The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars, the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present, fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels.[126][z]
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